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 KARLSBURG

608

KASKASEIA

after him a rich peasant and mine owner, Veitmoser; later on came more ardent preachers from German vmiversities. The miners were agents in the work of Protestantism, for they were all Germans. Emperor Ferdinand favoured Utraquism, but started a counter- reformation, cleared his court of Protestants, and appointed a practical Catholic, Count Nagoral, as governor of Karinthia. A demand was made on Ferdinand for freedom of religion, which he denied, and the repression of Protestantism went on. The Bishop of Seckau, Martin Brenner, with an armed force searched Lutheran houses and churches, burned their books, and ctilled on all to swear allegiance to the CathoUc Faith or to leave the province. He was a Utraquist, and appointed priests to the vacant par- ishes, and in a short time nearly all the country was Catholic.

In the year 1604 the Jesuits came to Celovec and were given the church of Holy Trinity. Joseph

II centrahzed the government. In the war of 1809 Austria ceded to Napoleon the district of Beljak, and he joined it to Illyria. In 1815 it was given back to Austria, and since 1825, together with the district of Celovec, it has formed part of Austrian Illyria, subject to the imperial governor at Ljubljana. Karinthia was proclaimed an independent crownland in the year 1849.

Grant-Duff, Studies in European Politics (1866); Unge- WITTER, Geschichte der osterreichischen Kaiserstaats (1859) ; \ -M-- VAZOR, Die Ehre Herzogt. Kniin (1688); Erben. Vojvodstvo KoroSko (Ljubljana, 1866); OroJen, Zemljopis (Ljubljana, 1907).

M. D. KKMPOTrc.

Earlsburg. See Transylvania, Diocese of.

Earnkowski (Karncovius), Stanislaw, Arch- bishop of Gnesen and Primate of Poland, b. about 1526; d. at Lowicz, in the Government of Warsaw, 25 May (a/., 8 June), 1603. As early as 1563 (according to Gams not until 156S) he was named Bishop of VVlozlawsk (Wladislavia, Kahsch), and rendered great service to religion and education by founding, besides several schools, a seminary for priests in his episcopal residence. By order of the Synod of Petrikau (1577), he made a new collection of synodal laws under the title " Constitutiones synodorum metropolitanae eccle- siae Gnesnensis provincialium " (Krakow, 1579). His political and religious influence in contemporary Po- land was great. -Under King Sigismund II Augustus (1.548-72) the Reformation made great progress in Poland, especially the Calvinist teaching, while the Lutherans and Socinians bitterly opposed each other. When Sigismund died, Henry of Valois, later Henry

III of France, was elected King of Poland. On his entry into Meseritz, Karnkowski welcomed him in the name of the Polish estates. The archbishop also at- tended the coronation (1574), and tried to keep the new king in Poland, but in the same year the French throne fell vacant and he returned to France. Karn- kowski then urged the election of Stephen Bd-thori, Prince of Transylvania. The latter was suspected of favouring the Reformation, but under the influence of Karnkowski he declared openly for Catholicism, and was crowned king 1 May, 1576, by Karnkowski, as Uchafiski, Primate of Poland and Archbishop of Gnesen, had refused to crown him.

Uchanski died 5 April, 1581, and Karnkowski was named his successor in the .same year (21 April) in the archiepiscopal See of Gnesen and Primacy of Poland; as such, he governed Poland after the death of Stephen Bdthori (12 Dec, 1586). Eventually he succeeded in electing as king Sigismund III Vasa (1587-1632). Through this young king, formerly Crown Prince of Sweden, and reared a good Catholic by his mother Katharina. Karnkowski hoped to stay the progress of the Keforniution ill Polaiiil. After Cardinal Hosius, the nrchbishop was the most prominent opponent of the Polish Reformation. He favoured the Jesuits in

every way, built a college for them at Kalisch, and a seminary at Gnesen. He established an insti- tute for twelve noble students, which is still extant, under the direction of the cathedral chapter of Gnesen. It was he who urged the Jesuit Jacob Wujek to trans- late the Holy Scriptures into PoUsh; this translation was approved by the pope and is still regarded as a classic (Sommervogel, " Bibl. de la C. de J.", VIII, 1234 sq. ). Karnkowski wrote several important works, mostly theological; among them are: " Eucharistia ", forty discourses in Polish on the Blessed Sacrament (Krakow, 1602) ; Polish sermons on the Messias or the Redemption (Krakow, 1597) ; " De jure provinciali ter- rarum civitatumque Prussia? " (Krakow, 1574) ; " Liber epistolarum familiarium et illustrium virorum" (Kra- kow, 1584). He is buried in the Jesuit church at Kalisch.

BlELSKi, Zywot Stanislawa Karnkowskiego Arcybiskupa gnieinie^skiego ( Vita Stanislai Karnkowski Archiepiscopi Gnes- nensis, without place or date — see Sommervogel, I, 1464, n. 15) ; Zateski, Geschichte der Jesuiten in Polen, in Polish (5 vols., Lemberg and Krakow, 1900-06), I; Koniecki, Gesch. der Reformation in Polen (3rd ed., Lissa, 1904) ; Ks.tnsE, Die Refor- mation und Gegenre formation iin ehemaligen Kunigreich Polen (2nd ed., Lissa, 1905); Likowski in Kirchenlex., s. v. Gnesen; Uedinck, ibid., a. v. Karnkowski.

Gregor Reinhold.

Easkaskia Indians, formerly chief tribe of the con- federacj'of Illinois Indians (q. v.). The name is of un- certain etymology, but may possible have reference to a "hide scraper". With the other Illinois they probably made their first acquaintance with the French at the Jesuit mission station of Chegoimegon (Lapointe near Bayfield, Wisconsin), estabhshed by the noted Father Claude AUouez in 1667. In 1673, Father Marquette, on his return from the lower Mis- sissippi, was kindly received at their village, and on their earnest request returned later and founded among them in April, 1675, the Mission of the Im- maculate Conception, the first of the Illinois missions, apparently about the present site of Utica, Lasalle Co., Illinois. On his death, a month later, the work was suspended until taken up again in 1677 by Al- louez, who remained until the arrival of Lasalle in 1679, by whom the mission was turned over to the Recollects, Fathers Gabriel de la Ribourde and Zeno- bius Membr^. In consequence of the opposition of the Indian priests, the attacks of the Iroquois, and the murder of Father Ribourde by the Kickapoo, the Recollect tenure was brief. In 1684 Allouez returned, but withdrew a second time on the rumoured ap- proach of Lasalle from the south in 1687. In the latter year also the Jesuit Father James Gravier visited the tribe.

In 1692 the celebrated Jesuit Father Sebastian Rasle restored the mission, which continued thence- forward under Jesuit auspices for a period of eighty years. In 1693 Gravier (q. v.) took charge and with Binneteau, Pinet, Marest, and others la- boured with much success until his death in 1706 from a wound received at the hands of an unconverted Peoria. He compiled the first grammar of the lan- guage, and about the year 1700 was instrumental in settling the tribe in a new village about the present Kaskaskia, Illinois, near the mouth of the river of the same name, which remained their principal town and mission station until their final remo\al from the State. When visited by Charlevoix in 1721 the Kas- kaskia were considered Christian, although a consid- erable portion of the other Illinois still adhered to their ohl forms.

Notwithstanding the apparent success of the mis- sion, the whole Illinois nation was in rapid decline from the hostilitios of the northern tribes and the wholesale di.ssipation introduced by the French garri- sons. In 1764 the Kaskiiskiii. who may have num- bered originally 2000, were rcjiort od al 611(1. and in 1778 at 210, including 60 warriors. In 1762 the Jesuits