Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 8.djvu/674

 EAMENETZ

596

EANDY

The total number of priests in the archdiocese is 284; of clerics, 46. There are 5 orders in the diocese, 6 monasteries with Hi monks, and 32 convents with 548 nuns. The right to give benefices is still exer- cised bv 27 patrons. The population numbers 940,038," of whom 647,408 are Catholics, 265,842 non-Catholics, 26,379 Jews, while 409 are attached to no denomination.

In Latin: K.\lona. Historia metropolit. ecclesiw Colocensis (Kalocsa, 1800), Prat, Specimen hierarchicB Hu-ngaricas, I-II (Pozsony, 1776-79); VXrosy, Disquisitio historica de unione ecclesmrum Colocensis et Bachiensis m Schematismus archidiwc. Colac. et Bachiens. (1885 and 1901). In Hungarian: Kaka- csoNTi, Ecclesiastical History of Hungary in its most important phases (Nagy-Varad, 1906), passim; Catholic Hungaru (Buda- pest, 1902); Monograph on the County of Bacs, II (Budapest, 1909), with bibliography. A. AldXsY.

Eamenetz. See Lemberg, Diocese of; Lutzk, Diocese of.

Kamerun (Cameroons), Vicariate Apostolic of, in CJcrman \\'cst Africa, between British Nigeria and French Congo, stretching north-east from the coast of the southern shore of Lake Chad. The territory was created a prefecture Apostolic on 22 July, 1890, and given in charge of the Pious Society of Missions (Pal- lottini). Father Henry Vieter was nominated the first prefect Apostolic. The area is about 191,1.30 square miles, and the native population (Bantu negroes near the seacoast, Sudan negroes inland) is, according to Streit, about 4,000,000. There are about 1000 whites, mostly Germans. The chief exports are palm kernels and palm oil, rubber, ivory, and cocoa. The cli- mate is hot and moist, and malarial fever abounds, especially in the lowlands. The natives generally are addicted to fetichism, and there are a few Moham- medans. In 1892 the German Government allowed the missionaries to open a preparatory house of studies at Linsburg (Nassau), and later at Ehrenbreitstein and Vallendar (Rhincland). The first missionary station was opened at Marienberg on the river Sanaga, here nearly 4000 feet broad. Other stations were opened (1891) near the Falls of the Sanaga, and at Kribi on the Batanga coast. From the beginning the missionaries suffered much from malaria; in 1894, therefore, they opened the station of Engelberg in the Kamerun Mountains, at an altitude of nearly 1400 feet, both as a sanatorium and a missionarv centre. In 1898 was opened the station of Duala (22,000), the capital of Kamerun, where, however, Protestant missionaries had preceded the Catholics (there are between seven and eight thousand native Protestants). The mission of St. Pctrr Clavcr at Big-Batanga was opened in 1900, and in 1901 thatof Yannde,twelvedays' walk into the interior. Irasa on the upper Rio del Rey was founded in 1906, and in 1907 the station of Einsie- deln was opened in the Kamerun mountains, at an altitude of about 2800 feet. Another station is almost ready at Victoria; it bears the name of the Blessed Trinity. Einsiedeln serves as a seminary for schoolmasters; it is hoped also that eventually it may graduate priests for the mission. None, however, will receive Holy orders before the age of thirty.

In September, 1906, the first synod was held at Duala. The prefecture was raised to the rank of a vicariate Apostolic (21 Dec, 1904), and the first pre- fect Apostolic made first vicar Apostolic; he was con- secrated titular Bishop of Parjetonium on 22 January, 1905. On the arri\al of the missionaries they found 5 Catholics; in the viiari.'ite there are now 18 priests, 21 brothers, and :i sisters for the education of natives. Sini-e Oc-tnlier, 1890, death has claimed twenty-four of I he lit lie liand of missionaries, and several have biMii .'-(■lit lidiiie in time to save their health, which could not. resist the severe climate. In the same period there have been about 8027 baptisms. There are at present about 3819 catechumens, each of whom has two years of probation. There are in the mission

schools about 5675 boys and girls. All these, how- ever, are not in the schools of the missionary station; many of them are taught in the village schools by black schoolmasters, directed and paid by the mission- aries. After leaving the schools, many of the boys are taught useful trades by the lay brothers of the mis- sions.

Missiones Calholicce (Rome); Streit, Kathol. Missianatlaa (Steyl, 1906); Statesman's Year-Book (London, I9I0).

H. ViETEB.

Sandy, Diocese of (ICandiensis), formerlj' part of the Vicariate of Southern Colombo, Ceylon, India, from which it was cut off as a vicariate Apostolic on 16 April, 1883, and erected into a diocese on 1 Septem- ber, 1886. Its only vicar and first bishop is Dom Clement Pagnani, a Sylvestrine Benedictine, b. at Fabriano, near Ancona, Italy, 24 June, 1834; conse- crated 25 December, 1879, at which time he was appointed to the Vicariate of Southern Colombo.

The Vicariate of Southern Colombo had been in the hands of the Sylvestrine Benedictines since 1855, but the needs of the country demanding a greater supply of missionaries than the Sylvestrines could meet, the Vicariate of Kandy was entrusted to them in 1883, and Leo XIII made other arrangements for Colombo. Actually the Diocese of Kandy is suffragan of the Archdiocese of Colombo. It comprises the proxdnces of Central Ceylon and Uwa, where tea and rubber are the main industries. Owing to the hilly nature of the country, the chmate of the diocese is more temperate than throughout the rest of the island.

From the palm-groves and sweltering heats of Colombo the railway line threads its way a distance of seventy-five miles through tea-plantations, wild bush, and forest, across mountain streams and under crags of limestone overhanging in great boulders, with Adam's Peak looming conspicuous in the distance, until at an ele^'ation of 1734 feet above the sea it reaches the town of Kandy (in Cingalee, Maha-unwiira the Great City), former capital of the island, now the residence of the British governor-agent. It stands on the shore of an artificial lake in an amphitheatre of beautifully wooded hills. Its population in 1901 was 26,522.

Kandy is first mentioned in the fourteenth century, when the Dalada Milagawa, or ' ' Temple of the Tooth ", was built to contain that famous rehc of Buddha brought to Ceylon for safety about 311. In 1592 the town became the capital of Ceylon, and the king's palace was built about the year 1600. Kandy was the last stronghold of the old dynasty, and kings con- tinued to rule there up to the beginning of the nine- teenth century, when the last king, Vikrama Raja Sinha, was taken prisoner by the British (1815) and sent to Vellore. The "Temple of the Tooth" still remains, and is the scene of annual festivities (Pcra- hara) in honour of this precious relic of the Buddha. The sacred tooth itself, however, was taken 1\\- the Portuguese to Goa in 1560, and publicly burnetl there in presence of the viceroy. 'The Buddhists claim otherwise, and show in proof of their claim a piece of ivory about two inches long by one inch in diameter, which is said to resemble the tooth of a crocodile rather than of a man. It reposes in the temple on a lotus flower of pure gold under seven concentric bell- shaped metal shrines. In the vicinity of Kandy is an inimcnse cemetery where were deposited tlie bodies of the mighty kings anfl heroes of Ceylon, and alx)ut four miles away arc the l>t:inical giirdmsof Pcradenia, covering one hiuulrcd and fifty acres with most luxuri- ant exotic V('gi't:Ltion. Indeeil the vrgct.-ifion all around Kandy is luxuri:int, and when the white flower of the cinnamon tree is in blossoni the I'lTect is very wonderful. (_)tlicr trees that furiiish the land.scapeare the ebony, satinwood, and luiiniilla. The woods here also have a curiosit j- i n t he nat urc of a fruit, the Ciuskew, which produces its nut outside of the skin, and from