Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 8.djvu/664

 JUSTUS

586

JUVENILE

Principal editions: — Maran, S. Patris Noalrijuslim phito- sophi et mariyris opera qua exstant omnia (Paris, 1742), and in P. G; VI; Otto, Corpus apologetarum christiaiwrum saculi secundi, I-V (3rd ed., Jena, 1S75-S1); Kruger. Die Apologien Juslins des Martyrers (3rd ed., Tubingen, 1904); Pautigny, J uslin. Apologies (Vans, 1904); Arcuambault, Jus(m, Diaioffue avec Tryphon, I (Paris, 1909)..

Principal studies:— von Engelhardt, Das Christenthum Justins des Martyrers. Eine Untersuchung itber die An/ange der katholischen Glaubenslehre (Erlangen, 1878); FvRVES, The Testi- mony of Justin Martyr to Early Christianity (lectures delivered on the L. P. Stone Foundation at Princeton Theological Semi- nary) (London, 1888); Teder, Justins des Martyrers Lehre von Jesus Christus, dem Messias und dem mensehgewordenen Sohne Gottes (Freiburg im Br., 1906). AVorks on special points and works of less importance have been mentioned in the course of the article. A more complete bildiography may be found in Bardenhewer, Gesch. der altkirchl. Littcratur, I (Freiburg im Br., 1902), 240-42.

Jules Lebreton.

Justus, Saint, fourth Archbishop of Canterbury; d. 627 (?). For the particulars of liis life we are al- most entirely dependent on A'enerable Bede's "His- toria Ecclesiastica", the additions of medieval writers, such as William of Malmesbury or Elmham, possessing no authority. Justus was one of the second band of missionaries sent by St. Gregory the Great, the com- pany which arrived in 601 to reinforce St. Augustine and which conveyed the relics, books, sacred vessels, and other gifts sent by the pope. It is not certain whether he was a secular priest or a monk. St. Bede is silent on the point and only later monastic writers from Canterbury claim him as one of their own order. In 604 he was consecrated by St. Augustine as first Bishop of Rocliester, on which occasion King Ethel- bert bestowed on the new see, by charter, a territory called Priestfield and other lands. Other charters in which his name occurs are of dubious authenticity. After the death of St. Augustine, Justus j oined with the new Archbishop, St. Laurence, and with Mellitus of London in addressing letters to the recalcitrant Brit- ish bishops, but without effect. During the heathen reaction which followed the death of Ethelbert, Justus was expelled from his see and took refuge in Gaul for a year, after which he was recalled by Eadbald who had been converted by St. Laurence. On the death of St. Mellitus (24 April, 624) who had succeeded St. Laurence as archbishop, St. Justus was elected to the vacant primacy. The letter which Pope Boniface addressed to him when sending him the pallium is pre- served by Venerable Bede (H. E., II, S). He was already an old man, and little is recorded of his ponti- ficate except that he consecrated Romanus as Bishop of Rochester and St. Paulinus as Bishop for the North. His anniversary was kept at Canterbury on 10 Novem- ber, but there is uncertainty as to the year of his death, though 627, the commonly received date, would appear to be correct, especially as it fits in with the period of three years usually assigned by the chroniclers to his archiepiscopate. He was buried with his predecessors at St. Augustine's Abbey, Can- terbury, and is commemorated in the English supple- ment to the Missal and Breviary on 10 November.

Bede. Hist. Ecc.GentisAnglorum, I,29;II,3-16; Challoner, Britannia Sancta, II (London, 174.5), 263: HooK. Lives of the .Archbishops of Canterbury, I (London, 1860); Haddon and Stdbbs, Ecclesiastical Documents, III (London, 1878), 72-81; Stubbs. in Did. Christ. Bioff., s. v.; Hunt, in Diet. Nat. Biog., 8. v.; BoLLANDlsTS, BibUotheca Hagiographica Latino, I (Brus- sels, 1898-1890).

Edwin Burton. Justus von Landsberg, Johannes. See Lans-

PERGIU8.

Juvenal, Bishop of Jerusalem. See Jerusalem,

SUn-TITI.E II.

Juvencus, C. Vettius Aquilinus, Christian Latin poet of the fourth century. Of his life we know only what St. Jerome tells us (De viris, Lxxxiv; cf. Chron., wl an. 234.5; Epist. Ixx, .5; In Matt., I, ii, 11). He was a Spaniard of very good birth, became a priest, and wrote in the time of Constantine. From one

passage in his work {II, 806, sq.) and from St. Je- rome's Chronicle it must be inferred that he wrote about the year .3.30. His poem, in dactylic hexame- ters, is entitled " Evangeliorum libri" (The Gospels). It is a history of Christ according to the Gospels, particularly that of St. Matthew. He goes to the other Evangelists for what he does not find in St. Matthew — as the story of the Infancy, which he takes from St. Luke. He follows his model very closely, "almost literall}-", as St. Jerome says. The whole problem for him is to render the Gospel text into easy language conformable to the tradition of the Latin poets, and borrowed especially from Virgil. His task is of no higher order than might be accomplished by a proficient schoolboy; it permits of little originality beyond that exhibited in new words composed, or de- rived, according to familiar types {aiiricolor, flammixio- mus, flammicomans, sinuamen), elegant synonyms to express the Christian realities (tonans for "C!od", genitor for the Father, spiramen for the Holy Ghost, uersutia for the Devil), or, lastly, archaic expressions. There is no colour, no movement. The language is correct, the verses well constructed. A few obscuri- ties of prosody betray the period in which the work was written. The whole effect is carefully wrought out.

In the prologue Juvencus announces that he wishes to meet the lying tales of the pagan poets. Homer and Virgil, with the glories of the true Faith. He hopes that his poem will survive the destruction of the world by fire, and will deliver him, the poet, from hell. He invokes the Holy Spirit as the pagans in- voked the Muses or Apollo. The work is divided into four books, which make arbitrary divisions of the life of Christ. The number four seems to be symbolical, corresponding to the number of the Evangelists. Other traces of symbolism have been found in Juven- cus, the most notable being the significance attached to the gifts of the Magi — the incense offered to the God, the gold to the King, the myrrh to the Man. This interpretation, of which he, certainly, was not the inventor, was to have the gi-eatest success, as we know. Lastly, eight preliminary verses, Juvencus's authorship of which is disputed, characterize the Evangelists and assign emblems to them; but they assign the eagle to St. Mark and the lion to St. John. The Bible text which Juvencus paraphrased was of course an ancient one. He appears, too, to have had recourse at times to the Greek text. The source of his poetical phraseology and his technic is, first, Virgil, then Lucretius, Propertius, Horace, Ovid, Silius, and Statins. The cold correctness of the work recom- mended it to the taste of the Middle Ages, when it was frequently quoted, imitated, and copied.

St. Jerome tells us that Juvencus composed another, shorter. Christian poem on " the order of the mys- teries" {Sacrameyjtorum ordincm). This work is lost. Modern writers have incorrectly attributed to him the " Heptateuchus ", a work of Cyprian of Gaul, and the "De Laudibus Domini", a work of Juvencus's time, but to be credited to some pupil of the rhetoricians of Augustodunum (Autun). The two best editions of Juvencus are those of Marold (Leipzig, 1SS6) in the " Bibliotheca Teubneriana ", and of Hiimer (Vienna, 1891) in the "Corpus script, ecclesiast. latinorum".

Teuffel, Geschichte der rumischen Literatur (Leipzig, 1890), 1016; ScHANZ, Geschichte der rbm. Literatur, IV (Munich, 1904). 1, 19; Bardenhewer, tr. Shahan, Patrology (St. Louis,

Paul Lejay.

Juvenile Courts, tribunals for the trial of chil- dren charged with crimes or offences. The maximum age is usually fixed at seventeen years, below which age these courts are generally given exclusive jurisdic- tion where the crimes are not capital. In .some cities, power is:dsii omiferred u|)on these courts to commit to institutions, or other oustoillnl ciu'e, juvenile depend- ents and children foun<l (o be in unfit homes. Not-