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 JULIUS

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JULIUS

47. treats only of his cardinalate up to 1492; Wickhoff, Die Bihiwthfk JultuiC II in Jahrbuch der preussischen Kunstsamm- lungen. XIV (Berlin, 1893), 49-65; Paris de Grassis, Diarium. ed. Frati, he due spedizioni militari di Giulio II tratte dal Diario di Paris de Grassis Bolognese con documenti (Bologna, 1886). and DoLLlNGER, Beitrdge zut politischen, kirchlichen und KultuT- Ceschichte der seeks letzten Jahrhunderte, III (Ratisbon and Vienna, 1882), 363 sq.

Michael Ott.

Julius III, Pope (Giammaria Ciocchi del Monte), b. at Rome, 10 September, 14S7; d. there, 23 March, 1555. He was the son of a famous Roman jurist, studied jurisprudence at Perugia and Siena, and theology under the Dominican, Amljrosius Catharinus. In 1512 he succeeded his uncle Antonio del Monte as Archbishop of Siponto (Manfredonia), and in 1520 as Bishop of Pavia, retaining, however, the administra- tion of Siponto. Later he became vice-legate of Peru-

JULIUS III ' Danti, Perugia (1556)

gia, and under Clement VII was twice appointed pre- fect of Rome. After the Sack of Rome (1527) he was one of the hostages given by Clement VII to the Im- perialists, and would have been killed by the imperial Landsknechte in the Campo di Fiori, had he not been secretly liberated by Cardinal Pompio Colonna. In 1534 he became legate of Bologna, the Romagna, Par- ma, and Piacenza. Pope Paul III created him Cardi- nal-Priest of SS. Vitalis, Gervasius, and Protasius on 22 December, 1536, and raised him to the dignity of cardinal-bishop with the Diocese of Palestrina on 5 October, 1543. As early as 1542 he had been en- trusted with work preparatory to the convocation of the Council of Trent, and in a consistory held on 6 February, 1545, he was appointed first president of the council. In this capacity he opened the council at Trent on 13 December with a short oration (cf . Ehses, " Concilium Tridentinum", IV, Freiburg im Br., 1904, p. 516). At the council he represented the papal in- terests against Emperor Charles V, with whom he came in conflict on various occasions, especially when on 26 March, 1547, he transferred the Council to Bologna (see Trent, Council of).

After the death of Paul III on 10 November, 1.549, the forty-eight cardinals present in Rome entered the

conclave on 29 November. They were di\'idcd into three factions: the Imperials, the French, and the ad- herents of Farnese. The friends of Farnese united with the Imperial party and proposed Reginald Pole and Juan de Toledo as their candidates. The French party rejected both and, though in the minority, they were strong enough to prevent the election of either candidate. The adherents of Farnese and the French party finally reached a compromise and agreed upon Cardinal del Monte, who was duly elected on 7 Febru- ary, 1550, after a conclave of ten weeks, although the emperor had expressly excluded him from the list of candidates. The new pope took the name of Julius III. In fulfilment of promises made in the conclave, Julius restored Parma to Ottavio Farnese a few days after his accession. But, when Farnese applied to France for aid against the emperor, Julius allied him- self with the emperor, declared Farnese deprived of his fief, and sent troops under the command of his nephew Giambattista del Monte to co-operate with Duke Gonzaga of Milan in the capture of Parma. In a Bull, dated 13 November, 1550, JuHus transferred the council from Bologna back to Trent, and ordered that its sessions he resumed on 1 May, 1551, but he was compelled to suspend it again on 15 April, 1552, because the French bishops woukl take no part in it, and, to escape his enemies, the emperor had to flee from Innsbruck. The success of the French arms in Northern Italy also compelled Julius on 29 April, 1552, to make a truce with France, in which it was stipulated that Farnese was to remain in the peaceful possession of Parma for two years.

Discouraged at his failure as an ally of Charles V, the pope henceforth abstained from interfering in the political affairs of Italy. He withdrew to his luxu- rious palace, the Villa Giulia, which he had erected at the Porta del Popolo. Here he spent most of his time in ease and comfort, occasionally making a weak effort at reform in the Church by instituting a few com- mittees of cardinals for reformatory purposes. He was a hberal supporter of the rising Jesuit Order, and at the instance of St. Ignatius issued the Bull of foundation for the CoUrgium (Inmanicum on 31 Au- gust, 1552, and granted it an annual subsidy. During his pontificate the Catliolic religion was temporarily restored in England by ueen Mary, who succeeded Edward VI on the English throne in 1553. JuUus sent Cardinal Reginald Pole as legate to England with extensive faculties to be used at his discretion in the interests of the Catholic restoration. In IVbruary, 1555, an embas.sy was sent by the English Parliament to Julius III to inform him of its unreserved submis- sion to the papal supremacy, liut the embassy was still on its journey when the pope died. Shortly be- fore his death Julius III sent Cardinal Morone to re- present the Catholic interest at the Religious Peace of Augsburg. At the beginning of his pontificate Julius III had the earnest desire to bring about a reform in the Church and with this intent he reopened the Coun- cil of Trent. That the council was again suspended was due to the force of circumstances. His inactivity during the last three years of his pontificate may have been caused by the frequent and severe attacks of the gout to which" he was subject. The great blemish in his pontificate was nepotism. Shortly after his acces- sion he bestowed the purple on his unworthy favourite Innocenzo del Monte, a youth of seventeen whom he had picked up on the streets of Parma some years previously, and who had been adopted by the pope's brother, Halduino. This act gave rise to some very disagreeable rumours concerning the pope's relation to Innocenzo. Julius was also extremely lavish in liestowing ecclesiastical dignities and benefices upon his relatives.

MAasAHELLi, De Pontifiratu Jvlii III diarium, edited by DoL- LINOER in Vnoedruekte Beriehle und Tnnebucher zur Gesch. dca Komils von Trient, I, i (Nordlingen, 1876). 259-326; Pastob,