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 JULIUS

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JULIUS

hands. Cesare Borgia refused and was arrested by the pope's order. Venice, however, stubbornly re- fused to give back the cities which it had previously taken. A temporary settlement was reached in March, 1505, when Venice restored most of its conquests in the Romagna. Meanwhile trouble was brewing at Perugia and Bologna, two cities that belonged to the Papal States. At Perugia the Baglioni and at Bo- logna the Bentivogli were acting as independent des- pots. The warlike Julius II personally directed the campaign against both, setting out at the head of his army on 26 August, 1506. Perugia surrendered with- out any bloodshed on 13 September, and the pope proceeded towards Bologna. On 7 October he issued a Bull deposing and excommunicating Giovanni Ben- tivoglio and placing the city under interdict. Benti- voglio fled, and Julius II entered Bologna trium- phantly on 10 November. He did not leave the city until 22 February, 1507, arriving again at Rome on 27 March.

The Venetians meanwhile continued to hold Rimini and Faenza, two important places in the Romagna: they moreover encroached upon the papal rights by filling the vacant episcopal sees in their territory inde- pendently of the pope, and they subjected the clergy to the secular tribimal and in many other ways dis- respected the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Julius II. Unable to cope alone with the powerful Republic of Venice, he reluctantly joined the League of Cambrai on 2.3 March, 1509. This League had been formed by Emperor Maximilian I and Louis XII of France chiefly with the purpo.se of forcing Venice to restore its recent continental conquests to their original owners. On 27 April, 1509, Julius II placed Venice under interdict and dispatched his troops into the Romagna. Venice was too w-eak to contend against the combined forces of the League, and sutTered a complete defeat at the battle of Agnadello on 11 ilay, 1.509. The Venetians were now ready to enter negotiations with JuUus II, who withdrew from the League and freed the Vene- tians from the ban on 24 February, 1510, after they agreed upon the following terms: (1) to restore the disputed towns in the Romagna ; (2) to renounce their claims to fill vacant benefices; (.3) to acknowledge the ecclesiastical tribunal for ecclesiastics and exempt them from taxes; (1) to revoke all treaties made with papal cities; (5) to permit papal subjects free navigation on the Adriatic.

Juhus II was now again supreme temporal master over the entire Pontifical States, but his national pride extended beyond the Patrimony of St. Peter. His ambition was to free the whole of Italy from its sub- jection to foreign powers, and especially to deliver it from the galling yoke of France. His efforts to gain the assistance of Emperor MaximilLan, Henry VIII of England, and Ferdinand of Spain, proved futile for the moment, but the Swiss and the Venetians were ready to take the field against the French. Julius II inau- gurated the hostilities by deposing and excommunicat- ing his vassal, Duke Alfonso of Ferrara, who supported France. Louis XII retaliated by convoking a synod of French bishops at Tours in September, 1510, w-here it was decreed that the pope had no right to make war upon a foreign prince, and, in case he should under- take such a war, the foreign prince had the right to invade the Ecclesiastical States and to withdraw his subjects from their obedience to the pope. The synod also threatened the pope with a general council. Tak- ing no notice of this synod, Julius again assumed personal command of his army and set out for North- em Italy. At Bologna he fell severely sick, and would probably have been c:iptiu'ed by the I'rench had it not been f<ir the timely appearance of the Venetians. He had .scarcely recoxereil, when, braving the inclemency of the weather, he march<'d against Mirandola which he took on 20 January, 1511. On 23 May, 1511, the PVench made a descent upon Bologna which Julius II

had left nine days previously, drove out the papal troops and reinstated the Bentivogli.

Some of the cardinals were displeased with the pope's anti-French policy, and five of them went so far as to convoke a schismatic council at Pisa on 1 Sep- tember. They were supported in their schism by the King of France and for some time also by Emperor Maximilian. The pope now looked for aid to Spain, Venice, and England, but before completing negotia- tions with these powers he fell dangerously sick. From 25 to 27 August, 1511, his life was despaired of. It was during this sickness of Julius II that Emperor Maximilian conceived the fantastic plan of uniting the tiara with the imperial crown on his own head (see Schulte, "Kaiser Maximilian als Kandidat fiir den piipstlichen Stuhl", Leipzig, 1906; and Naegle, "Hat Kaiser Maximilian I in Jahre 1507 Papst werden woUen'' in " Historisches Jahrbuch", XXVIII, Mu- nich, 1907, pp. 44-60, 278-305). But Julius II re- covered on 28 August, and on 4 October the so-called Holy League was formed for the purpose of delivering Italy from French rule. In the beginning the League included only the pope, the Venetians, and Spain, but England joined it on 17 November, and was soon followed by the emperor and by Switzerland. Under the leadership of the brilliant Gaston de Foix, the French were at first successful, but after his death they had to yield to the superior forces of the League, and, being defeated in the bloody battle of Ravenna on 11 April, 1512, they were driven beyond the Alps. Bologna again submitted to Julius II and the cities of Parma, Reggio, and Piacenza were added to the Ecclesiastical States.

Julius II was cliiefly a soldier, and the fame attached to his name is greatly due to his re-establishment of the Pontifical States and the deliverance of Italy from its subjection to France. Still he did not forget his duties as the spiritual head of the Church. He was free from nepotism; heard Mass almost daily and often celebrated it himself; issued a strict Bull against simony at papal elections and another against duels; erected dioceses in the recently discovered American colonies of Haiti (Espaiiola), San Domingo, and Porto Rico; condemned the heresy of Piero de Lucca con- cerning the Incarnation on 7 September, loll; made various ordinances for monastic reforms; instituted the still existing Capella Julia, a school for ecclesias- tical chant which was to serve as a feeder for the Capella Palalina; and finally convoked the Fifth Lateran Council to eradicate abuses from the Church and especially from the Roman Curia, and to frustrate the designs of the schismatic cardinals who had con- vened their unsuccessful council first at Pisa, then at Milan (see Later.^n Councils). Julius II has also gained an enviable reputation as a patron of arts. Bramante, Raphael, and Michelangelo gave to the world some of their greatest masterpieces while in his service. He laid the cornerstone of the gigantic Basil- ica of St. Peter on 18 April, 1506, and conceived the idea of uniting the Vatican with the Belvedere, en- gaging Bramante to accomplish the project. The famous frescoes of Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel and of Raphael in the Stanze, the Court of St. Damasus with its loggias, the Via Giulia anil Via della Lungara, the colossal statue of Moses which gi'aces the mauso- leum of Juhus II in the church of San Pietro in Vincoli, and many other magnificent works in and out of Rome are lasting witnesses of his great love of art.

Pastor, Gesch. der Pfipsle seit deni Ausgang des MitielaUera (3rd ed.. Freiburg, 1904). 563-871, tr. Antrobus, The History of the Popes from the close of the Middle Ages, VI (St. Louis. 1898). 208-607; Creiohton, History of the Papacy during the Period of the Reformation, IV (London, 1SS7), 54—176; Brosch, Papst Julius II und die Grundung des Kirchenstaates (dotha, 1S78); DuMESNiL, Histoire de Jules II, sa vie et son pontifical (Paris, 1873); Klaczko, Rome et la Renaissance, Essais el Esquisses, Jules II (2nd ed., Paris, 1902); Gebhart, Jules II (Paris. 1904); Hefele. ConcUiengesch., VIII (Freiburg, 1887), 395-538); Loughlin, Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere in Ameri- can Catholic Quarterly Review, XXV (Philadelphia, 1900), 133-