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 JOVINIANUS

530

JOTEUSE

existed before the peace with Diocletian in 297. The four satrapies east of the Tigris, with the fortified cities of Nisibis and Singara, were relinquished con- trary to the wishes of the inhabitants, who were hostile to Persia, and the ancient connexion between the Roman Empire and Armenia was severed. In return, the Roman army was permitted to retreat to the right bank of the Tigris without molestation. This weak agreement destroyed at one blow the Roman suprem- acy over the country about the Euphrates and Ar- menia, and Persia henceforth dominated the hither Orient. Under great difficulties Jovianus marched with the army from Mesopotamia to Antioch and thence to Tarsus, where he caused the mausoleum of his prede- cessor to be adorned. On 16 February, 364, during the march to Constantinople, the emperor was over- taken by a sudden death in the Bithynian frontier town of Dadastana, having been suffocated by coal gas in his bed-chamber, though possibly assassinated (Socrates, III, xx-xxv; VI, iii-vi). His body was brought to Constantinople and buried in the church of the Apostles beside that of Constantine. Jovianus was a zealous and orthodox Christian. He restored to the Church the privileges granted by Constantine and withdrawn by Julian. Athanasius, then seventy, was permitted to return from exile to .Alexandria. In a general edict of toleration, he established freedom for all forms of worship, even paganism, but forbade magi- cal sacrifices, reintroducing the religious toleration proclaimed by Constantine in his Milan Edict of 313. Hertzberg, Gesch. d. riim. Kaiserreichs, II (Berlin, 1880); Schiller, Gesch. d. rum. Kaiserzeit. II (Gotha, 1887); Blet- TERIE. Hist, de Vemp. Jovien (Paris, 1748); Tillemont, His(. des Empereurs, IV (Paris. 1697), 577-93. 702-3; Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, xxv-xxviii; Words- worth in Diet. Christ. Biog., s. v.; Ddchesne. Hist, ancienne de I'eglise, II (Paris, 1907); Boissier, La fin du paganisme (5th ed., Paris, 1907).

Kael Hoeber.

Jovinianus, an opponent of Christian asceticism in the fourth century, condemned as a heretic (390). Our information about him is derived principally from the work of St. Jerome in two books, " Adyersus Jovini- anum". He was a monk at one time in his life, but subsequently an advocate of anti-ascetical tenden- cies. He became the head of a party, and in the act condemning him Auxentius, Genialis, Germinator, Felbc, Prontinus, Martianus, Januarius and Ingeniosus are designated as his disciples. His views were pro- mulgated in writings which were condemned at a synod held in Rome under Pope Siricius, and subse- quently at a synod convened at Milan by St. Am- brose. The writings of Jovinianus were sent to St. Jerome by his friend Pammachius; Jerome replied to them in a long treatise written in 393. From this work it would appear that Jovinianus maintained (1) that a virgin as such is no better in the sight of God than a wife; (2) abstinence is no better than the partaking of food in the right disposition; (3) a person baptized with the Spirit as well as water cannot sin; (4) all sins are equal; (5) there is but one grade of punishment and one of reward in the future state.

From a letter of the synod at Milan to Pope Si- ricius (Ambrose, Ep. xlii) and from St. Augustine (lib. I contra Julian., ii) it is clear that Jovinianus de- nied also the perpetual virginity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The reply of St. Jerome was couched in lan- guage that terrified Pammachius, who found fault with it because it was excessive in praise of virginity and in depreciation of marriage. The efforts to sup- press it failed and St. Jerome's work obtained a wide circulation. Nothing is known of the later career of Jovinianus. From a remark in St. Jerome's work against Vigilantius, written in 409, that he "amid.st pheasants and pork rather belched out than breathed out his life ", it is inferred that he was then dead.

Hepele, Komilienaeschichte, II, 50; Haller, Jomnianwi, die Fragmente seiner Schriften, die Quellen zu seiner Oeschichte aein Lcben und seine Lehre (Leipzig, 1897); Terte und Unler-

suchungen, new series, II, 2; Brochbt, St. Jerdme et sea Enne- mia (Paris, 1906) ; Grutzmacher, Hieronymue, Fine biogra- phische Studie zur alten Kirchengeschichte, II (Berlin, 1906). Patrick J. Healy.

Jovius (Giovio), Paulus, historian; b. at Como, Italy, 9 April, 1483; d. at Florence, 11 Dec, 1552. Having completed his medical studies at Padua and received the degree of doctor, he was attracted by the princely liberality of Pope Leo X, and betook himself to Rome. Here he practised his profession, but also devoted himself to historical studies, particularly as to his own time. Knowing how to secure access to rich sources of information, he resolved to utilize his exten- sive materials in a comprehensive work, which would embrace all the countries of Europe, beginning with the expedition of Charles VIII of France into Italy and the conquest of Naples. Having completed the first part, he managed to obtain permission to read it to the Holy Father. The latter was so struck by the elegance of the language and the skill of the narration that he conferred knighthood on Jovius, and ap- pointed liim professor of rhetoric at the Roman Uni- versity. Adrian VI made him a canon of the cathe- dral of Como, and Clement VII appointed him Bishop of Nocera in 1528 to compensate him for the sub- stantial loss which he had sustained in consequence of the capture of Rome. He sought under Paul III to be transferred to the See of Como; and, as his efforts to this end remained unavaihng, he gave up Nocera in 1543 from sheer vexation, and went to Como, whence in 1550 he made his way to Florence.

He was, as his writings show, a child of his own time. He led a life of pleasure little in accord with Christian precepts, was in active touch with the leading human- ists, and was a zealous collector of works of art — especially of portraits, which he brought together in a considerable museum. This did not, however, pre- vent him from labouring steadily on his main work and completing it with new material. Despite all urgings, he did not begin to print it until 1550, but com- pleted this task very shortly before his death. Under the title, "Historiarum sui temporis libri XLV", the work appeared in two volumes at Florence, and later at Basle (1560), an Italian translation also appearing in Florence (1551-3). He gives us here a very clear recital of events from 1494 to 1544, and, while he does not always succeed in unveiling the hidden and inter- woven causes and effects of things, he shows himself a true historian. Naturally, very different estimates have been formed of his work. It has been at times sharply criticized, chiefly because Jovius is too enam- oured of himself, and does not hesitate to declare openly that he will dress up a character in gold, bro- cade, or common cloth, according to the fee which such portrayal may yield him as compensation. However, it is certain that he does not always follow so repre- hensible a principle, for he not infrequently tells the bluntest truths to his own greatest benefactors. Of his other works we should mention: "Vitsc virorum illustrium" (7 vols., Florence, 1549-57); "Elogia vi- rorum bellica virtute illustrium" (Florence, 1554). His biography of the art-loving Medici pope is drawn with a background of such glowing colours, that one almost loses sight of the shadows which darken his reign. His Italian letters, in part highly interesting, were published by Domenichi, " Lettere volgari" (Venice, 1560). His collected works appeared in three folio volumes at Basle in 1678.

Giovio. Elogio di P. Giovio to storico (Modena. 1778); TlRA- Bosrm, Storia delta letteratura Italiana, VII (2nd ed., Rome, 1783), 242-6- Pastor, Geschichte der Pfipste, IV (1st ed., Frei- burg, 1906). 462-64.

Patricius Schlager.

Joyeuse, Henei, Due de; b. in 1.563 and not, as is mistakenly stated in the "Biographic Michaud ", in 1.567; d. at Rivoli, 2S Sept., 1C08. He was the third son of Mar(5chal Guillaume de Joyeuse, and was a