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 JOUBEET

526

JOUFFROY

Hcpt., Ill, 56: P. L., XXXIV, 702, 816). These abominations of phallic worship and infant sacrifice have been proven by the excavations of the Palestine Exploration Fund at Gazer.

(6) Text. — The Septuagint is preserved in two dif- ferent recensions — the Alexandrian (.\) and Vatican (B) — and varies considerably from theMasorah; the Vulgate often difTers from all three (iii, 4; iv, .3, 13; v, 6). The Samaritan Josue, recently discovered, resem- bles the Sept. more closely than the Masorah.

Fathers: Origen, EcUcta in Jesum Nave in P. G., XII, 819- 825): AvGVSTlSE, Qtioestiones in Heptateuchum in P. L.iXJO^lY, 547). Modern writers: Maes, op. cit.; Calmet, Comm. Lit. in Omnes Libras N. el V. Test. (Wiirzburg, 1788); Sebarius, Josue, etc. (Mainz, 1610); Bonfrkre, Josue, Judices, Ruth (Paris, 1731); also works mentioned in body of article. Prot- estant: Speaker's Bible, II (London, 1872); Konig, Alttest Studien, i. Authentiedes Buchesjosua (1836).

Walter Drum.

Joubert, Joseph, French philosopher; b. at Mar- tignac (Dordogne) ,7 May, 1 754 ; d. at Villeneu ve-le-Roi ( Yonne), 4 May, 1824. At the age of fourteen, having finished his studies in his native town, he was sent to Toulouse to study law, but after a few months joined the Doctrinaires, a teaching order, and was entrusted with the instruction of lower classes. In 1778 he left the order and went to Paris, where he associated with the most famous literary men of the time, Marmontel, Diderot, and d'.\lembert, with whose sentiments he was for some time in sympathy. The French Revolu- tion opened his eyes and made him a strong opponent of the doctrines of the eighteenth century. In 1790 he was elected by his coimtrymen justice of the peace of the canton of Martignac. When his biennial term expired, he refused to accept re-election and returned to Paris, where in the following year (8 June, 179.3) he married Mile Moreau. Di.'^gusted with the tyranny of the Revolutionists, he retired to Villeneuve-le-Roi. Even after the 9th of Thermidor he preferred to live there rather than in Paris. Chateaubriand, Mme de Beaumont, Fontanes, Mol^, and Chenedolle were his frequent visitors. In 1809 he was appointed by Fon- tanes Inspector General of the University of France, and in spite of his poor health fulfilled his duties with the greatest zeal. When he was compelled to give up his inspectorship, he devoted his time to the education of his son and to his literary works. He was one of the first to understand the movement of the Roman- ticists and to encourage it. Owing to his kind dispo- sition and his delicate taste, as well as his friendly and cheerful character, he had a strong influence over the young men gathered around him. Aiming at what was perfect in literature, he wrote very little and never published anything. He spent his leisure in thinking, and putting down his thoughts for himself. His aim was to note in terse and clear sentences the necessity, utility, and beauty of virtue. After his death, all these papiers de la malle (scraps of paper), as he called them, aroused the interest and admiration of Chateaubriand, who published a short selection of them for private circulation, under the title of "Recueil des Pens^es de M. Joubert" (Paris, 18.38). This book was re-edited with many additions by Paul Ray- nal, a nephew of the author, under the new title of "Pens(5es, Essais, Maximes et Correspondance de J. Joubert" (Paris^ 1842). Many other editions have since been published.

Notice historique sur Joubert by his brother, Armand Jou- bert (no date and no place of publication), a very valuable and rare document which nas just been reprinted by Giraud in his new edition of the Pensees (Paris, 1909). PAiLHfcs, Du nouveau .fur Joubert (Paris, 1900) ; DE Raynal. Les correspondanls de J. Jciuliirl (Paris, 1885).

Louis N. Delamarre.

Jouffroy, Claude-Franvois-Dorothee de, Mar- quis d'Adhans, mechanician, b. at Abbans, near Bosangon, 30 Sept., 1751 ; d. at Paris, IS July, 1832. He was educated by the Dominicans of Quingey in

philosophy and literature, but showed a leaning towards the exact sciences and the mechanical arts. At the age of twenty he was enlist eil in the infantry regiment of Bourbon, but numerous infractions of discipline brought upon him in 1772 the punishment of confinement at the prison opposite Cannes. There he began the study of the problems of steam naviga- tion, suggested by the sight of the convicts rowing the galleys. In 1775 he went to Paris to study the Watt steam-engine. He discussed with Perier the applica- tion of steam to the propulsion of vessels, and opposed his views. Finally he constructed an experimental boat, and ran it on the River Doubs during June and July, 1776. The system he used then was the palm- ipede, or web-foot, which proved unsatisfactory. In 1781, being promised the help of the Government, he began the construction of his pyroscaphe at Lyons. This vessel was about 140 feet long, 5 feet wide, 3 feet in draught, and 150 tons in displacement. A hori- zontal steam-engine moved a double rack to and fro; this rack geared with ratchet-wheels on the shaft carrying the paddle wheels. The wheels were thus turned continuously in the same direction.

At a public trial, 15 July, 1783, the vessel ran up the Saone at Lyons against the current with a speed of six miles per hour, in the presence of representative scientific men and thousands of enthusiastic specta- tors. This steamboat continued to run on the river during sLxteen months. In spite of the very favour- able report the French Academy withhekl its en- dorsement, perhaps on account of the jealousy of P^'rier, giving as an excuse the fact that the experi- ment had not been made at Paris. Jouffroy, having already spent a fortune, was too poor to continue the struggle, and the guaranteed monopoly was not con- firmed. The Revolution setting in, all work was abandoned until the restoration and after Fulton's success. A boat was launched and run on the Seine 20 August, 1816, and at last the patent was granted. Still Jouffroy was opposed and failed to get the neces- sary financial support. At length in 1831, utterly dis- couraged and poor, he retired to the Invalides, the home of old soldiers, where he died of cholera. He was ad- mitted to the home without difficulty, being chevalier of the Orders of Military Merit, of Saint-George, and of .Saint-Louis, and having served eighteen years and during eleven campaigns. Claude de Jouffroy fought constantly on the side of the legitimists and opposed even Napoleon, the "usurper", refusing to submit his invention to him. His religious sentiments are evi- dent from the fact that he entrusted his son to the care of the Abbe Blond. He himself was comforted to the last moment by the presence of a priest. A century later, in 1884, France recognized the origi- nality of the inventor by subscribing to the statue of Jouffroy erected at Besangon. Robert Fulton himself had testified that "if the glory (of imagining the first pyroscaphe) belongs to any one man, it be- longs to the author of the experiments made on the River Saone at Lyons in 1783".

Thurston, Growth of the Steam Engine (New York. 1878); Prost, Le marquis dc Jouffrou (Paris, 1889): Arago, Uannu- aire du Bureau des Long. (Paris, 1837); Jouffroy in Les Contemporains (Paris, 1897); Woodcroft, Steam Navigation (London, 1848).

William Fox.

Jouffroy, Jean de, French prelate and statesman; b. at Luxeuil (Franche-Comt^) about 1412; d. at the priory of Rulli, in the Diocese of Bourges, 24 No- vember, 1473. After studying at Dole, Cologne, and Pavia, he entered tin' Bciifdictino Order, and taught theology and i-.imm l;i« at I'avia (143.5-38). Philip the Good, Duk<> of Burgundy, entru.sted him with sev- eral diplomatic missions to France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. Abbot of Luxeuil (1450 or 1451) and Bishop of Arras (1453), he became a favourite of the Dauphin, later King Louis XL