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 JONES

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JONES

youthful David appeared at the court of Saul, a most deep and loyal friendship sprang up between him and Jonathan, who more than once was instrumental in saving his friend from Saul's envious wrath (I Kings, xviii sqq.) ■ But Saul, though having several times re- lented, finally became implacable, and Jonathan, see- ing his efforts useless, sent his friend away to Nobe after a renewal of the mutual covenant of friendship between themselves and their posterity (I Kings, xx). Jonathan cheerfully renounced in favour of his friend his right to the throne of his father, counting himself happy to be second to him in the kingdom. This cove- nant "was renewed later when David after the siege of Ceila withdrew into the desert of Ziph (I Kings, xxiii, 15-18), but Jonathan was not destined to share in the ultimate triumph of his friend. In a battle against the Philistines in Mount Gelboe he was slain together with his two brothers Abinadab and Melchisua, and Saul his father. Their bodies were piously buried by the inhabitants of Jabes Galaad (I lungs, xxxi).

(3) Jonathan, son of the high priest Abiathar and faithful servant of King David. He was instrumental in saving the king's life by securing for David infor- mation concerning the plans of his enemies.

(4) Jonathan (surnamed Apphus), youngest son of Mathathias and brother of Judas Machabeus. The patriotic exploits of this family of Jewish heroes are narrated in the First and Second Books of the Macha- bees and also in the works of Josephus (Antiquities, XIII). After the defeat and death of Judas (about 161 B. c.) Jonathan was chosen leader of the patriotic band, at the time hard-pressed and obliged to retire beyond the Jordan. But the death of the unworthy high priest Alcimus brought about a change in public sentiment, and the invading general Bacchides with- drew into Syria giving the Jews a respite of two years. Encouraged by the party of the Hellenists or apostate Jews, however, he made a new attempt to subj ugate the country. This attempt was foiled by Jonathan, and the result of the short campaign was a treaty whereby the latter remained practically master of Judea. This state of things continued for six years with a contin- ued increase of power and influence on the part of the Machabeans, so that an alliance with their party was solicited by Bales and Demetrius, the two competitors for the Syrian throne. Jonathan decided in favour of Bales who, having vanquished his rival, bestowed upon Jonathan not only the title of High Priest, but also that of Strategus of his country and that of Ruler of a part of the Syrian empire (I Mach., x, 1-66). After many military exploits (I Mach., xi, 60-74) Jon- athan sent ambassadors to Rome to renew the treaty made by Judas with the Roman Senate, and he also entered into an alUance with the Spartans (I Mach., xii, 1-23). For a time it seemed as if he were destined to restore his country to complete independence, but Tryphon, the aspirant to the throne of S>Tia, recog- nizing in Jonathan his chief obstacle, made him a pris- oner by foul treachery and pvit an end to his career by casting him into a dungeon (I Mach., xii, 24-54). The rule of Jonathan extended from 161 to 143 b. c.

I LEstTRE in VlGOUHOUX, Did. rfc la Bible, s. v. Jonathan (1); II. LEsfcTHE. ihid.. s. v. Jonathas Jl); III Beurlier, ibid a v Jonathas (2); IV. Beuhlier, tiid., 3. v. Jona(/!a.s (,i). See also Gigot, Otitlines of Jewish History, xxvui, §2,2; Hast- ings, Diet, of the Bible, 8. v. t, „

James F. Driscoll.

Jones, Edward, Venerable, priest and martyr, b. in the Diocese of St. Asaph, Wales, date unknown; d. in London, 6 May, 1 590. Bred an Anglican, he was received into the (hurch at the English Collpgo, Reims, 1.5S7; he was ordained priest in 1.5SX, and went to England in the same year. In 1500 hewiis arn-.'^ted by a pries! -catcher, who pre tended to bo a ( 'at liohc. Ml a shop in Fleet St root. He was imprisoned in I he To%yrr and brutally tortured by Topcliffe, finally admittuig

he was a priest and had been an .Anglican. These ad- missions were used against him at his trial, but he made a skilful and learned defence, pleading that a confession elicited under torture was not legally suf- ficient to ensure a conviction. The court compli- mented him on his courageous bearing, but of course he was convicted of high treason as a priest coming into England. On the same day he was hanged, drawn, and quartered, opposite the grocer's shop where he had been captured, in Fleet Street near the Conduit. On the same day there suffered Anthony Middleton, priest and martyr, born probably at Mid- dleton-Tyas, Yorkshire, date unknown, son of Am- brose Middleton of Barnard Castle, Durham, and Cecil, daughter of Anthony Crackenthorpe of Howgill Castle, Westmoreland. He entered the English College at Reims, 9 Jan., 1582; was ordained 30 May, 1586, and went to England in the same year. His work lay in London and the neighbourhood and he laboured very successfully; he was captured at a house in Clerkenwell (London) by the same artifice which was practised on Father Jones. On the ladder he said : " I call God to wit- ness I die merely for the Catholic Faith, and for being a priest of the true Religion " ; and someone present called out, "Sir, you have spoken very well". The martyr was cut down and disembowelled while yet alive.

GiLLOw, Bid;. Diet. Eng. Calh., s. v. Jones, Edward and Mid- dleton, Anthony; Challoner, Memoirs of Missionary Priests {2 vols., Edinburgh, 1878), I, 168-9; Sanders, De Orio- ac Frooressu .Schismatis Anglicani, ed. Ribadeneira (Cologne, 1610), appendix, 23 sq.; Knox, The First and Second Diaries of the English College, Douay (London, 1878).

C. F. Wemyss Brown.

Jones, Inigo, a famous English architect, b. 15 July, 1573, in London; d. 21 June, 1652, and was buried in the chancel of St. Benet's, Paul's Wharf, London. His father was a clothworker in the neighbourhood of St. Paul's, and a Catholic; the son adhered to his father's faith throughout h i s life. Little is known of the first thirty years of his life. Towards the end of the six- teenth century he went to Italy and lived there for many years, prin- cipally in Venice. Christian IV, King of Denmark, in- duced him to leave Italy and accept an appointment at the Danish Court. Buildings are named both in Italy and Denmark as hav- ing been designed by Jones, but seemingly without proof. He returned to England in 1604, and for some time was engaged in designing the costly scenery and machinery of the court masques. About 1614 he again went to Italy, and his notes show that he studied the writings of Serlio, Vignola, Fontana, Labacco, and Pliililicrl t\r I'Oniie, ;ind w;is acc|uainted with the most fanums ;in-bitri-ts then livuig m Rome. He also studied the style of Renais.saMCe architecture known as Palladian. On his return to England he was appointed surveyor to the king. Jones designeil the qvieen's house, Greenwi"ch, the banqueting house, Whiti'li:dl,St. Paul's church and tlie piazza of Covent (iardcn (burnt to the ground 1795), a portico to old St. Paul's cathedral, parts of Somerset House, the Bar-

Inigo Jones

Painting by Van Dvck; engraving by

W. C. Edwards