Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 8.djvu/569

 JOLLY

497

JONAS

academies, 25 model schools, and 230 elementary schools. There are in these 2S8 institutions 600 professors, 11 of whom are priests, 9 seminarians, 75 religious, 225 nuns, and 2S0 lay persons; 15,108 pupils receive instruction in the various institutions, 6067 being under the direction of religious men and women, and 9041 under that of lay teachers. The communities of men and women in the dioce-se which are charged with education are those mentioned above, with the exception of the Sisters Adorers of the Pre- cious Blood, who lead a contemplative life.

(3) Charitable Institutions. — In the diocese there are : 1 hospital, 5 homes for the aged, 5 orphanages for girls, 1 orphanage for boys. These institutions are under the direction of the Sisters of Providence. There are, besides, 6 associations of Ladies of Charity, and 1 Society of St. Vincent de Paul.

(4) Progress of the Diocese. — The first bishop of the Diocese of Joliette is Mgr. Josepli Alfred Archam- bault. Born at L'Assomption, 23 May, 1859, he made liis classical studies at the College of L'As- somption and Laval LTniversity, Quebec, and his theological studies at the Grand Seminaire of Mon- treal. He received at Rome the degrees of Doctor of Theology and of Canon Law, and on his return taught philosophy at the College of L'Assomption (1885- 88). He was made vice-chancellor of the Archdiocese of Montreal (1888-92); chancellor (1892-97); titular canon of the cathedral of Montreal (1891-1904); ecclesiastical superior of tlie Sisters of Providence (1891-1904) ; vicegerent and archdeacon (1897-1904) ; vice-rector of Laval LTniversity, Montreal (1901-04); appointed prothonotary Apostolic, 15 December, 1902, and Bishop of Joliette, 27 June, 1904. He was consecrated 24 August, 1904 in the cathedral of Joliette by Mgr. Bruchesi, Archbishop of Montreal, and preconized in public consistory 14 November in the same year. Since his consecration the diocesan educational and charitable institutions have multi- phed and improved.

Archambault, Statistique et notes historiques concemani le dio- cese de Jolielle, 1904-1909 (Joliette, 1909); Daluaire, Les con- temporains (Saint-Hyacinthe, 190S). F. X. PlETTE.

Jolly, Philipp Joh.\nn Gustav von, German phys- icist, b. at Mannheim, 26 September, 1809; d. at Munich, 24 December, 18S4. His family came orig- inally from France at the end of the seventeenth century. After attending the gj-mnasium and ly- ceum at Mannheim, Jolly went to the University of Heidelberg in 1829, where he studied chiefly mathe- matics and physics. From 1832 to 1S33 he was at Vienna, taking up the technological branches, work- ing as a mechanician, and visiting factories and mining plants. Returning to Heidelberg in 1834, he took the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and began his career as a teacher of mathematics, physics, and technology. He became extraordinary professor of mathematics in 1839, and ordinary professor of physics in 1846. In 1854 he was called to the University of Munich to succeed Ohm as professor of physics. His principal work was in experimental physics, for which he de- vised numerous new apparatus, and modified and improved the older forms. His studies of osmosis, of the prolilems of gravitation, of the density of the earth, of the composition of the air, etc., suggested the design of the Jolly t^alance (1864), of a special eudiometer (1879), of an improved mercury air- pump, of the Jolly air thermometer. The following are some of his published works: "De Euleri merito de fimctionibus circularibus " (prize essay, Heidel- berg. 1834); ",\nleitung zur Differential- und Integ- ralrechnung" (Heidelberg, 1846); "Die Prinzipicn dorMochanik" (Stuttgart. 18.52); "Physik der MoU- cularkriifte " (Mimich. 1857). He contributed to Pog- gendorff's ".\nnalen", " Heidelbergcr Jahrbticher", and "Berichte der MUnchener Akademie der Wissen- schaften ".

VIII.— 32

VolT, Nekrolog, Sitzunqsberichtp, math. phtj.f. Klnssc der .Akade- mie der Wiss.. XV (.Munich, 1S86), 119-36; Buhm, Philipp von Jolly (Munich, 18S6).

William Fox.

Jonas, the fifth of the Minor Prophets. The name is usually taken to mean "dove" (Heb. njV), but in view of the complaining words of the Prophet (Jonas, iv), it is not unlikely that the name is derived from the root Yanah = to mourn, with the signification dolens or "complaining". This interpretation goes back to St. Jerome (Comm. on Jonas, iv, 1). Apart from the book traditionally ascribed to him, Jonas is mentioned only once in the Old Testament IV Kings, xiv, 25, where it is stated that the restora- tion by Jeroboam II (see Jehoboaii) of the borders of Israel against the incursions of foreign invaders was a fulfilment of the "word of the Lord the God of Israel, which he spoke by his servant Jonas the son of .\mathi, the prophet, who was of Geth, which is in Opher". This last is but a paraphrastic rendering of the name Gath-Hepher, a town in the territory of Zabulon (Jo.sephus, " Antiq.", XIX, xiii), which was probably the birthplace of the Prophet, and where his grave was still pointed out in the time of St. Jerome. Jlention is made of Jonas in Matt., xii, 39 sqq., an'l in xvi, 4, and likewise in the parallel passages of Luke (xi. 29, 30, 32), but these references add nothing to the informa- tion contained in the Old Testament data. According to an ancient tradition mentioned by St. Jerome (Comm. in Jonas, Prol.,P. L.,XXV, 118), and which is found in Pseudo-Epiphanius (De Vitis Prophetarum, xvi, P. L., XLIII, 407), Jonas was the son of the widow of Sarephta whose resuscitation by the Prophet Ehas is narrated in III Kings, xvii. but this legend seems to have no other foundation than the phonetic resem- blance between the proper name .\mat hi (TltDN), father of the Prophet, and the Hebrew word Emeth (nDX), " truth ", applied to the word of God through Elias by the widow of Sarephta (III Kings, xvii, 24).

The chief interest in the Prophet Jonas centres around two remarkable incidents narrated in the book which bears his name. In the opening verse it is stated that "the word of the Lord came to Jonas the son of Amathi, saying: Arise, and go to Xinive, the great city, and preach in it: for the wickedness thereof is come up before me." But the Prophet, instead of obeying the Divine command, "rose up to fiee into Tharsis from the face of the Lord" that he might escape the task assigned to him. He boards a ship boimd for that port, but a violent storm over- takes him, and on his admission that he is the cause of it, he is cast overboard. He is swallowed by a great fish providentially prepared for the purpose, and after a three days' sojourn in the belly of the monster, dur- ing which time he composes a hymn of thanksgiving, he is cast upon dry land. After this episode he again recei^'es the command to preach in Ninive, and the account of his second journey is scarcely less mar- vellous than that of the first. He proceeds to Ninive and enters "a day's journey" into it, foretelling its destruction in forty days. A general repentance is immediately commanded by the authorities, in view of which God relents and spares the wicked city. Jonas, angrj- and disappointed, wishes for death. He expostulates with the Lord, and declares that it was in anticipation of this result that on the former occasion he had wished to flee to Tharsis. He withdraws from Ninive and, under a booth which he has erected, he awaits the destiny of the city. In this abode he enjoys for a time the refreshing shade of a gourd which the Lord prepares for him. Shortly, however, the gourd is stricken by a worm and the Prophet is ex- posed to the burning rays of the sim. whereupon he again murmurs and wishes to die. Then the Lord rebukes him for his selfish grief over the withering of a gourd, while still desiring that God should not be touched by the repentance of a city in which "there