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 JOHN

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JOHN

Cooper in Did. Nat. Biog., s. v.; Hamilton, The Angel of Suon (Edinburgh and London, 1905), passim; Gillow, Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cttth., s. w.; Gasquet, Henry VIII and the English Mon- asteries (London, 1906), passim; Hennesst, Novum Reper- lorium Parochiale Londinense (London, 189S). 133. 229; Hamil- ton, Wriothesley's Chronicle, I (London. 1875), 27. 184.

John B. Wainewright. John Hunyady. See Hunyady, Janos.

John Joseph of the Cross, Saint, b. on the Island of Ischia, Southern Italy, 1654; d. 5 March, 1739. From his earliest years he was given to prayer and virtue. So great was his love of poverty that he would always wear the dress of the poor, though he was of noble birth. At the age of sixteen years he entered the Order of St. Francis at Naples, amongst the Friars of the .41cantarine Reform, being the first Italian to join this reform, which had been instituted in Spain by St. Peter of Alcantara. Throughout his 'life he was given to the greatest austerity: he fasted constantly, never drank wine, and slept but three hours each night. In 167-1 he was sent to found a friary at Afila, in Piedmont; and he assisted with his own hands in the building. Much against his will, he was raised to the priesthood. As superior, he al- ways insisted upon performing the lowliest offices in the community. In 1702 he was appointed Vicar Provincial of the Alcantarine Reform in Italy. He was favoured in a high degree with the gift of miracles, people of every condition being brought to him in sickness. His zeal for souls was such that even in sickness he would not spare any labour for them. His great. devotion was to our Blessed Lady, and he was urgent with his penitents that they also should cul- tivate this. He was beatified in 1789, and canonized in 1839.

Compendium Vitce. . . B. Joannis Josephi a Cruce (Rome, 1839); Vila di S. Gian Giuseppe detta Croce, dal P. Diodata dell' Asaunia (Rome, 1839); Manning, Lives of the Saints and Blessed of the Three Orders of St. Francis (London, 1886).

Father Cuthbeht. John Justus of Landsberg. See Lanspergius.

John Larke, Blessed, English martyr; d. at Ty- burn, 7 March, 1543-4. He was rector of St. Ethel- burga's, Bishopsgate, London, from 30 January, 1504-5, till his resignation in 1542; rector of Wood- ford, Essex, 18 January, 1526-7, till his resignation in the following April; and rector of Chelsea (on the presentation of Bl. Thomas More, then lord chan- cellor, whose parish priest and personal friend he became) from 29 March, 1530, till his attainder. Cresacre More styles him doctor, but it is not known in what faculty he obtained this degree. He was indicted 15 February, 1543-44, with another priest and two laymen. The priest was Ven. John Ireland, of whom nothing is known, save that, having been chaplain of the Roper chantry annexed to St. Dun- stan's, Canterbury, for a year (1535-36), he became vicar of Eltham, Kent, and, as such, parish priest to Bl. Thomas More's son-in-law, WiUiam Roper of Well Hall. Of the laymen the more prominent is Bl. German Gardiner, a kinsman (probably either cousin or nephew) to Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, whose secretary he was. Educated at Cambridge, probably at Trinity Hall, he wrote against John Frith in 1534, and gave evidence against Cran- mer in 1543. He resided at Southwark. The other layman was John Heywood, or Ilayward, of London. All were condemned, l)ut Heywood recanted on the hurdle, and made his recantation public at Paul's Cross on 6 July following. The other three suffered together, in the company of Roliert Singleton, a priest, the cause of whose execution is uncertain, and their heads and quarters were Imricd under the gallows.

Camm, Lives of the English M.irliir.^. I (London, 1904-5), .541- 7; Hennesst. Novum Reprrlnnum (I^.n.lon. 1898), 120, 1.53; Newcodrt, Repertorium, II (Loudon, 1708-10), 680; Gillow, Bibl. Die. Eng. Calh. e. w.; IV, 134; Nichols, Grey Frinra

Chronicle (London, 1852), 46; Stow, /!?inn!e.5 (London. 1615), 386; Archceologia Cantiana, XVI (London, 1886), 289.

John B. Wainewright.

John Malalas, a Monophysite Byzantine chronicler of the sixth century, born at .4ntioch where he spent most if not the whole of his life. His surname Malalas, from the Syriac maldla, "the rhetor", points to a Syriac origin. John Malalas was a contemporary of Emperors Anastasius I, Justin I, Justinian I, and Justin II. His "Chronographia", for which he is famous, was originally but a chronicle of the city of Antioch, expanded later by the author himself into a general history of the world up to the last years of Justinian (d. 565). It is divided into eighteen books, the last of which, however, originally a chronicle of Constantinople, cannot be ascribed to John Malalas, being evidently the work of an orthodox writer. Giving up the Hellenic and Byzantine traditions John Malalas struck a new path in historiogi-aphy, and created the type of the Byzantine chronicle. He wrote not for the cultured pubUc but for the bulk of the lay- men and monks, seeking to gratify their naive curios- ity in matters of history and narrating such facts only and in such manner as could interest the people. The " Chronographia " is uncritical and teems with legends, anachronisms, repetitions, and inconsistencies, and its style and language are in keeping with the nature of the concept of history it exhibits; it is the earliest im- portant monument of low Greek. In spite of the many authors he so ostentatiously names, it is highly probable that, beyond the arcfiives of the city of An- tioch and the current ecclesiastical and civil calen- dars, John Malalas had but very few reliable written sources. If he used at all Julius Africanus, it must have been through the now lost chronicles of Nestor- ianus, Pausanias, Domninus, Theophilus, and Timoth- eus whom he frequently cites. John Malalas enjoyed great authority with subsequent generations of Byzan- tine chroniclers who quote him quite freely and often worked whole books of his " Chronographia " into their own compositions. Such is the case with John of Ephesus and through him Bar-Hebra-us (two Syrian writers), the church historian Evagrius, the author of the "Tu.sculan Fragments", John of Antioch, and especially the author of the "Chronicon Paschale", John ofNikiu, the author of the "Chronicon Pala- tinum", Theophanes, George the Monk, Cedrenus, the author of the " Excerpta Constantiniana " and the authors of several similar compilations. John Malalas's work had the honour of a Slavonic translation (now lost) from which it passed into several Slavonic chroni- cles; it was also translated into Georgian. It is from those various sources that it was reconstructed ; for, strange to say for such a popular work, independently of the above-named writings it has been preserved only in a single manuscript (Baroccianus, 128, c. 12, Oxford, Bodleian Library; mutilated at both ends) and that in the shape of an epitome. The "Chrono- graphia" was first edited by Edm. Chilmead (Oxford, 1691), with a Latin translation and a commentary by the editor, a treatise of H. Hody, and a letter from R. Bentley to J. Mill. A new critical and complete up-to-date edition is highly desirable.

Krumbacher. Gcschichte dcr byzantinischen Lilleralur (2nd ed, .Munich, 1887), pp. 325-354. where an exhaustive hterature of the subject will he found. Didot, Nouvelle Biographic G6- rUrale, vol. XXXII, col. 1007. ^^ .^^

H. Hyvernat.

John Moschus. See Moschus, Joannes.

John Nelson, Blessed, English Jesuit martyr, b. ;it Skelton, four miles from York, in 1534; d. .at Ty- burn, 3 Fehnmry, 1,577-7S. He went to Douay in 1573, and two of his four brothers follow<Ml his ex- ample and became priests. He was ordained [iriest at Binche, in Hainault, by Mgr Louis de Berlaymont,