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 IN PARTIBUS

25

IN PETTO

first of only two full faculties, philosophy and law. In 1857, mainly through the efforts of Vincent Gas- ser, Prince-Bishop of Brixen, the theological faculty was added and entrusted once more to the Jesuits, who have since, with two exceptions, been the sole professors. The complete organization of the restored university was reached when the medical faculty was reconstituted in 1S69.

The most illustrious teachers of the university have been and are mainly in the theological faculty. Since the restoration of the latter in 1S57 the best known of these have been: in dogmatic theology. Cardinal Steinhuber (d. 1907), Stentrup (d. 1S98)", Kern (d. 1907), and Hurter, the latter still lecturing since 1858; in moral theologj^, Noldin (retired 1909); in sacred eloquence, Jungmann (d. 1SS5), the author of a well-known work on esthetics; in moral theology and sociologj', Biederlack: in canon law and ecclesia.stical history, Nilles (d. 1907) ; in Scripture, Fonck (called to Rome, 1908) ; in ecclesiastical history, Grisar (pro- fessor honorarius since 1S9S). Dr. Ludwig von Pastor, author of the well-known "History of the Popes", is professor of history in the faculty of phi- losophy, in which the eminent Austrian meteorologist Pernter (d. 1909) was at one time professor. To this faculty belongs also the cartographer von Wieser. The theological faculty has frequently suffered the attacks of ''hberal" professors, who form the large majority in the faculties of the profane sciences in the Austrian universities. These professors have several times endeavoured to have the theological faculty suppressed, but it has ever foimd a faithful protector in the Emperor Francis Joseph I. This faculty also took the leading part in the controversy following upon the blasphemous attack on the Church in 1908 by Dr. Ludwig Walu-mund, professor of canon law in the law faculty.

Intimately connected with the theological faculty, though no official part of it, is the seminary (Theo- logisches Konvikt), where the majority of the stu- dents of theology reside. This institution, called the " Nikolaihaus ", was first opened for poor students in 1569, closed in 178.3, and reopened for the theologians in 18.58. It is almost exclusively through the theo- logical faculty and the "Nikolaihaus " that Innsbruck is known outside of Austria-Hungary, especially among Catholics. In the fifty years since the resto- ration of the faculty, 5898 students, from nearly every civilized country, have frequented the lectures in theology, of whom 298.3 are alumni of the "Nikolai- haus". Of the.se students, 4209 belonged to the secular and 1689 to the regular clergy; they repre- sented 202 dioceses and Apostolic vicariates, and 73 provinces, cloisters, etc., of the regulars. North .\merica has contributed 443 students, with few ex- ceptions all from the United States; England is rep- resented among the alumni by 10, and Ireland by 15 students. The "Nikolaihaus" is governed by a regms who is a member of the Society of Jesus. .\ Jesuit father also is always university preacher, and the university sodality is under the direction of an- other Jesuit. Innsbruck is the theologate of the Austrian and Hungarian provinces of the Society of Jesus. The influence of the university since its restoration, as in its earlier periods, has been impor- tant. Naturally this influence has been felt most of all in the Tyrol, which to a large extent owes to the university its culture, especially among the clergy and in the medical and legal professions. In par- ticular, the presence of theological students from all p-arts of the world has made the influence of the fac- ulty of theology of great weight in the education of the clergy, and in the development of theological science during the last fifty years, an influence which has been spread and avignienied by the faculty organ, the "Zeitschrift fiir Katholische Theologie", a quar- terly now in its thirty-third year. Innsbruck is one

of the eight Austrian state universities. The uni- versity buildings number about 40 (including insti- tutes, clinics, etc.). There is also a university church in charge of the Jesuits. This church was erected during the years 1620-40 by Archduke Leopold V of Austria and his wife Claudia de' Medici. The build- ings for the medical, chemical, and physical sciences are new and well equipped. The library contains over 225.000 volumes, including many valuable manuscripts. The number of students averages about 1000, that of the professors and privat dozenten over 90. In 1908-09 the number of students registered in the winter semester was 1154, thus distributed: theology, .355; law, 293; medicine. 213; philosophy, 293. In the summer semester (1909) the total was 1062. In this same year there were 105 professors and privat dozenten.

Probst. Geschichte der Umversitdt in Innsbrurk sett ihrer Entstehung bis zum Jahre 1S60 (Innsbruck, 1S69): Probst, Bei- Iriige zur Geschichte der Gymnasien in Tirol (Innsbruck, 1858); HoFMANN, Das Nikolaihaus zu Innsbruck einst und jetzt (Innsbruck, 1908) ; Ahern in The Messenger (December, 1908).

M. J. Ahekn.

In Partibus Infidelimn (often shortened to in pnrtibus or abbreviated as i. p. i.), a term meaning "in the lands of the unbeUevers", words added to the name of the see conferred on non-residential or titular Latin bishops, e. g. N., Bishop of Tyre in partibus infidelium. Formerly, when bishops were forced to flee before the invading infidel hordes, they were welcomed by other Churches, wliile preserving their titles and their rights to their ovm dioceses. They were even entrusted with the administration of vacant sees. Thus we find St. Gregory appointing John, Bishop of Alessio, who had been expelled by his enemies, to the See of SquiUace (cap. " PastoraUs", xhi, cans, vii, q. 1). In later days it was deemed fitting to preserve the memory of ancient Christian Churches that had fallen into the hands of the unbe- Uevers; this was done by giving their names to au.xili- arj' bishops or bishops in missionary countries. Fa- gnani (in cap. " Episcopalia", i, " De privilegiis") says that the regular appointment of titular bishops dates back only to the time of the Twelfth Lateran Coimcil under Leo X (Session IX); cardinals alone were authorized to ask for them for their dioceses. St. Pius V extended the privilege to the sees in which it was customary to have auxiliary bishops. Since then the practice became more -n-idespread. The Sacred Con- gregation of the Propaganda, by its circular letter of 3 March, 1882, abolished the expression in partibus infidelium; the present custom is to join to the name of the see that of the district to which it formerly belonged, e. g. "N., Archiepiscopus Corinthius in Achaia", or else merely to say "titular bishop" (see Bishop).

Fag.vani. loc. eit.; Ferraris, Prompla Bihliothcca, s. v. Epis- copus, I, 67-9; VII, 21 sq.; and Supplem., n. 2.

A. BOUDINHON.

In Petto, an Italian translation of the Latin in pectore, " in the breast", i. e. in the secret of the heart. It happens, at times, that the pope, after creating some cardinals in consistory, adds that he has ap- pointed one or more additional cardinals, whom he reserves in petto, and whom he will make known later: "alios autem [v. g. duos] in pectore rcservamus, arbitrio nostro quandoque declarandos." Until they have been publicly announced these cardinals acquire no rights, and if the pope dies before having declared their names they do not become members of the Sacred College; but when he has proclaimed their elevation at a sulisequent consistory, they take rank from the date of their first nomination and receive from that date all the emoluments accruing to their office. This is a method that the popes have some- times adopted to ensure poor ecclesiastics a compe- tency to meet all the expenses incident to their promo-