Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 8.djvu/493

 JOHN

427

JOHN

imperial troops now departing from Rome, John's ad- herents rose against the emperor, but were suppressed on 3 January, 9(34, with bloodshed. Nevertheless, at Leo's request. Otto released the hundred hostages whom he had called for, and marched from Rome to meet Adalbert in the field. A new insurrection broke out in the city against the imperial party; Leo VIII fled, while John XII re-entered Rome, and took bloody vengeance on the leaders of the opposite party. Cardinal-Deacon John had his right hand struck off, Bishop Otgar of Speyer was scourged, a high palatine official lost nose and ears. On 26 February', 9(34, John held a synod in St. Peter's in which the decrees of the synod of G November were repealed; Leo VIII and all who had elected him were excommunicated; his ordi- nation was pronounced invalid ; and Bishop Sico of Ostia, who had consecrated him, was deprived forever of his dignities. The emperor, left free to act after his defeat of Berengarius, was preparing to re-enter Rome, when the pope's death changed the situation. John died on 14 May, 964, eight days after he had been, according to rumour, stricken by paralysis in the act of adultery. Liutprand relates that on that occasion the devil dealt him a blow on the temple in consequence of which he died.

Liber Poniif., ed. Duchesne, II. 246-9; Jaffe, Regesta Rom. Pont, I {2nd ed.>, 463 sq.; Liutpra,vd. De rebus gestis Ottonis, ed. DuMMLER. 0pp., 124-36; Hergenrother-Kirsch, Kirch- engesch.. II (4th ed.), 201-7; L.angen, Gesch. der romischen Kirchr, II, 336-51; Reumoxt, Gesch. der Stadl Rom, II. 237 sqq.; Hefele. Komiliengesch., IV (2ad fed.), 605 aqq.; DOmm- LER, Olto der Grosse, V, 313 sqq.

J. P. IviRSCH.

John XIII, Pope, date of birth unknown; en- throned on 1 Oct., 965; d. 6 Sept., 972. After the death of John XII in 964 Benedictus Grammaticus was elected his successor as Benedict V. But Otto I brought back to Rome the anti-pope Leo VIII, whom he had set up in 963, and banished Benedict to Ham- burg. Leo VIII died in March, 965, whereupon the Romans requested the emperor to send Benedict back to them as pope. But Otto refused, and Benedict died shortly after in July, 965. In presence of the imperial envoys, Liutprand, Bishop of Cremona, and (jtgar, Bishop of Speyer, the emperor's candidate, John, Bishop of Narni, was elected pope, and crowned on I October, 965, as John XIII. He belonged to the fam- ily of the elder Theodora, who bj' her marriage with the senator Theophylactus had, besides Marozia, an- other daughter, the younger Theodora, who married the consul John. Tliis John later entered the eccle- siastical state and became a bishop. From his union with Theodora sprang two daughters and three sons, among the latter one called John, who, while still in his youth, entered the priesthood at Rome, and later be- came Bishop of Narni. It was on this scion of the Ro- man nobility that the choice of the electors fell. Some of the nobles were hostile to the new pope, because he was the imperial candidate, and, when he endea- voured to repress their encroachments, they plotted against him, and in December, 965, succeeded in get- ting possession of his person. 'They shut him up in the Castle of Sant' Angelo, and subsequently removed him to a fortified place in Campagna. John succeeded, however, in escaping from his prison, and found wel- come and protection with Prince Pandulf of Capua. At Rome a reaction set in towards the exiled pope, and, when in 966 Emperor Otto undertook another expedition to Italy, the Romans were terrified and permitted John to return to the city on 14 November. In December the emperor arrived and dispensed stern justice to the conspirators, some of whom were hanged and others banished.

The pope now allied himself closely with the em- peror. On 11 January, 967, a synod was held in St. Peter's, concerning the results of which noth- ing is known. John travelled with Otto to Ravenna, where in .\pril, 967, he held another synod in which

the elevation of Magdeburg to metropolitan dig- nity was confirmed, disputes were decided, privi- leges conferretl upon churches and convents, and Ravenna with its territory restored to the pope as part of the Ecclesiastical States. Relations between John and the emperor continued cordial. On Christmas Day, 967, the latter's tliirteen-year-old son. Otto II, came to Rome, and was crowned joint emperor with his father. Shortly after, at one of the .synods held in Rome, the monastery which the em- peror had founded at Meissen in Saxony was made a see. John also favoured the negotiations hekl with the Byzantines for a matrimonial alliance between Otto II and the Princess Theophano. The marriage took place at Rome, and was blessed by the pope him- self on 14 .Aipril, 972. .\fter the death of .-Vrchbishop WilUam of Mainz and Bishop Bernard of Halberstadt in 968, the new metropolitan see at Magdeburg in Slavic territory, for which the emperor had worked zealously and which had been confirmed by the pope, was finally realized. On Christmas day, 96S, .\blx)t Adalbert was consecrated first Archbishop of Magde- burg, and in turn consecrated the first Bishops of Merseburg, Meissen, and Zeitz. The pope was also active in extending the hierarchy in other countries. Early in his pontificate he had rai.sed Capua to metro- politan rank in gratitude for the shelter which Prince Pandulf had afforded liim. At a Roman synod in 969 Benevento received the same dignity. He confirmed the decrees of synods held in England and France. Privileges were granted to churches and convents, es- pecially to Cluny, and the pope decided numerous questions of ecclesiastical law, referred to liim from various countries. The plan of the Bohemian Duke Boleslaus II for the foundation of a see at Prague, though approved by the pope, had to be deferred to a later date. John XIII was succeeded by Benedict VI. Liber Pontificalis, ed. Duchesne, II. 252-4; Jaffe, Regesta Rom. Pont., I (2nd ed.), 470 sqq.; Langen, Gesch. der rOmischen Kirche, III. 356-64: Floss, Die Papstwahl unter den Ottonen (Freiburg im Br., 1S58); Hefele, Komiliengesch., IV (2nd ed.), 62S-32; DuMMLEH, Otto der Grosse (Leipzig, 1S76); Uhlirz, Jahrbucher des deutschen Reiches unter Otto II und Otto III, I (Leipzig, 1902); Hauck, Kirchengesch. Deutschlands, HI, 124 sqq.; Reumont, Gesch der Stadt Rom: Gregorovius, Gesch. der Utadt Rom. J. p. ICirsch.

John XIV, Pope, date of birth unknown; d. 984. After the death of Benedict VII, Bishop Peter Cam- panora of Pavia, earlier imperial chancellor of Italy, was elected pope with the consent of Emperor Otto

II, and was crowned at the end of November or be- ginning of December, 983, when he took the name of John. On 7 December of the same year the young emperor, Otto II, died at Rome, prepared for death by the pope, and was buried in the vestibule of St. Peter's. When the anti-pope Boniface VII, created in 974 by the Roman adherents of Crescentius, received at Constantinople news of the emperor's death, he returned to Rome (.4pril, 984), and with the aid of his followers made Pope John a prisoner, threw him into the dungeons of the Castle of Sant' Angelo, and mounted the papal throne. After four months the un- liappy John XIV died in prison on 20 August, 984, either from starvation and misery or murdered by order of Boniface.

Liher Pontificalis, ed. Duchesne, II, 259; Jaffe, Regesta Rom. Pont., 1, 484 sq.; Langen, Gesch. der rOmischen Kirche,

III, 368 sqq.; Uhlirz. Jahrbiicher des deutschen Reiches unter Otto II und Otto III, I (Leipzig, 1902).

J. P. KinscH.

John XV (XVI), enthroned 985; d. April, 996. After John XIV had been removed by force, the usurper, Boniface VII, reigned eleven months, dyingin July, 985. .\ Roman named John, the son of a Roman

Eresbyter Leo, was then elected pope, and crowned etween 6 .\ugust and 5 September, 985. .\ few later chroniclers (Marianus Scotus, Godfrey of Viterbo) and