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JOCELIN

the commentaries, cf. Gietmann, "Parzival, Faust, Job" (Freiburg im Br., 18S7); Baumgartner, "Gesch. d. Weltliteratur", I (Freiburg im Br., 1901), 24 sqq. One peculiarity of the autlior of Job is his taste for play upon words; for example, ch. xxi contains a con- tinuous double meaning.

XI. Time of Composition. — The author of the book is unknown, neither can the period in which it was written be exactly determined. Many considered the book the work of Job liimself or Moses. It is now universally and correctly held that the book is not earUer than the reign of Solomon. On the other hand it is earlier than Ezecliiel (Ezech., xiv, 14-20). For it is the natural supposition tliat the latter gained his knowledge of Job from the Book of Job, and not from other, vanished, sources. It is claimed that allusions to Job have also been found in Isaias, Amos, Lamen- tations, some of the Psalms, and especially Jeremias. Many Catholic investigators even at the present time assign the book to the reign of Solomon ; the masterly poetic form points to this brilliant period of Hebrew poetry. The proofs, however, are not very convincing. Others, especially Protestant investigators, assign the work to the period after Solomon. They support this position largely upon religious historical consid- erations which do not appear to have much force.

Full bibliographies are to be found in Cornely, Inlroduciio in U. T. libros sacTOs. II (2nd ed.. 1897), ii, 71 sqq., and in the commentaries of Dillmann and Bddde; cf. also the various In- troductions to the Scripture, as Gigot (1906) ; Trochon (1886) ; Kaulen (4th ed., 1899); Cornely (2nd ed., Paris, 1897); fur- ther the articles on Job in the theological and Biblical encyclo- pedias. Of the large number of commentaries on Job the following may be mentioned. Catholic: Welte (1849); Kna- benbadek (Paris, 1886); Hontheim (1904). Non-Catholic: Delitzsch (2nd ed., 1876); Dillmann (4th ed., 1891); David- son in Cambridge Bible (1895); Budde (1896); Duhm (1897); WlGBT AND HiRSCH, A Commentary on the Book of Job from a Hebrew Manuscript in the University Library, Cambridge (1905). Among special works mention may be made of: — Bickell, De indole ac ratione versionis AlezandrincE in interpretando libra J obi (1862); Idem, Carmina Vet. Test, metrice (1882); Gietmann, De re Metrica Hebrceorum (1880); Vetter, Die Metrik des Buches Job (1897); Beer, Text des Buches Hiab untersucht (1897); Roger, Eschatologie des Buches Job (1901); Posselt, Der Ver- faaser der Eliureden (1909). JoSEPH HONTHEIM.

Jocelin, Cistercian monk and Bishop of Glasgow; d. at Melrose Abbey in 1199. On 22 April, 1170, being then prior of Melrose, he was chosen abbot, on the resignation of Abbot William, and four years later (23 May, 1174) was elected Bishop of Glasgow at Perth, in succession to Ingelram. He was consecrated at Clair- vaux on 1 June, 1 175, by Eskilus, Archbishop of Lund, papal legate to Denmark. In the following Janu- ary he attended a council at Northampton, and Hoveden reports a speech made by him in opposition to the claims of York to jurisdiction over the Scottish Church. In 1182 Jocelin visited Rome, obtained from Lucius III the absolution of King William the Lion from ecclesiastical censures, and brought back to him the Golden Rose in token of the papal forgiveness. We find Jocelin engaged for several succeeding years in negotiations between Scotland and Rome as to the succession to the See of St. Andrews. He undertook also the restoration and enlargement of Glasgow cathe- dral, of which he Ijuilt the beautiful crypt, and himself performed the dedication ceremony on July, 11117. The number of prebends and canons of the e;itliedral was considerably augmented by him, and he bestowed large benefactions on Paisley, Kelso, and other monas- teries. Bishop Jocelin died at Melrose in 1199, and was buried in the choir of the abbey church. The Melrose Chronicle describes him as a man of mild, courteous, and mo<lerate character.

Registrum Episcop. Clasguens. (Bann. Club, Edinburgh, 1843) ; Chronica de Mailros (ibid., 1835), 81, 86, 87, etc.; Gordon, Scotichronicon, II (London, 1875), 473-5 (with an engraving of Jocelin's se.^)) : Chron. Rogeri de Hovedene, II (ed. Sti-bbs, Lon- don, 1.869), 91-2. D. O. Hunter-Blair.

Jocelin de Brakelond, English chronicler, of the late twelfth century. He was the monk of Bury St.

Edmund's whose history of the abbey under the feeble Abbot Hugh and the energetic Abbot Sampson fur- nished Carlyle with the material for the powerful and sympathetic second book of " Past and Present ". When Jocelin entered the abbey in 1173 Sampson was his novice-master, and when nine years later Samp- son became abbot he chose Jocelin as his chaplain and constant companion. He filled tliis office from 1182 to IISS. Ten years later he was guest-master and in 1212 he was almoner. There is no record of his death. He is last mentioned on 24 April, 1215 when Abbot Hugh II consulted him as to the abbey manors. His chronicle covers the history of the abbey from 1173 to 1202 and includes the story of Henry of Essex. It was first edited for the Camden Society by J. G. Rokewood in 1843; this edition was used by Carlyle. It has been re-edited by Thomas Arnold in the "Memorials of St. Edmimd's Abbey", Rolls Series, 1890. His book on St. Robert, the boy alleged to have been murdered by Jews, is not extant. Jocelin's work is marked by slirewd observation and kindly humour. Carlyle wrote of him: "The man is of patient, peaceable, loving, clear-smiling nature; open for this and that. A wise simplicity is in him; much natural sense; a veracity that goes deeper than words." He is described by a brother monk as a man "exi- miae religionis, potens sermone et opere".

Memorials of St. Edmund's Abbey: Introduction by Arnold. I, lix in Rolls Series (London, 1890): Cronica Joscelini, ed. Rokewood (Camden Soc, London, 1840); The Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond, ed. Clarke (London, 1903).

Edwin Burton.

Jocelin o£ Wells (or Josceline), Bishop of Bath and Wells (Jocelinus Trotem.in); d. 19 Nov., 1242. He was probably a native of Wells, in Somerset, though no details of his parentage have survived. In 1203 he was acting as one of the king's justiciars at Westminster, and in the same year he was one of the ciistodes of tlie vacant See of Lincoln. He was already a canon of Wells and in 1203^ he received two bene- fices, Lugwardine and Urchenefeld m Herefordshire. When Savaric attempted to gain possession of Glaston- bury Abbey, the monks appealed to the pope: where- upon Savaric sent Jocelin with the precentor of Wells to force them to withdraw their appeal. In the year 1205 Savaric died and on 3 February, 1205-6 Jocelin was elected bishop in his stead by the canons of Bath with the concurrence of the chapter of Wells. He was consecrated at Reatling on 2S May, 1206. Two years later he left England in consequence of the interdict. The king outlawed him and seized his estates, but these were restored in 1213, when Jolm submitted to the pope. In 1215 he aided Stephen Langton to obtain Magna Charta and his name occurs in the charter as one of the king's counsellors.

On the death of John, Jocelin and the Bishop of Winchester anointed and crowned the boy-king, Henry III, and he actively supported Hubert de Burgh in expelling the French forces which remained in Eng- land, and in regaining for the king the royal castles which had been seized by Falkes de Br&iute and other unruly barons. In 121S he acted as one of the itiner- ant justiciars for the .^outh-west of England and at the same time he brought to a close the long dispute be- tween his diocese and the Aljbey of Glastonbury. He received some manors in return for the surrender of his claims and was thenceforth known as the Bishop of Bath and Wells. The proceeds of these manors he devoted to the work of rebuilding Wells cathedral, an old English building with a Norman choir. Jocelin built the existing nave and choir. The west front and the lower part of the three towers were also his work. Ills cathedral was consecrated on 23 Oct., 1239. He also built the cloisters, began the bishop's palace, and erected a manor house :it Wixikey. He drew up con- .stitutions for the church, insisted on the residence of the prebends, increased their common fund, and en-