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INNOCENT

della Rovere. The chief concern of the new pope, whose kiiitlhness is universally praised, was the pro- motion of peace among Christian princes, though he himself became involved in difficulties with King Ferrante of Naples. The protracted conflict with Naples was the principal obstacle to a crusade against the Turks. Innocent VIII earnestly endeavoured to unite Christendom against the common enemy. The circumstances appeared particularly favourable, as Prince Djem, the Sultan's brotlier and pretender to the Turkish throne, was held prisoner at Rome and prom- ised co-operation in war and withdrawal of the Turks from Europe in case of success. A congress of Chris- tian princes met in 1490 at Rome, but led to no re- sult. On the other hand, the pope had the satisfac- tion of witnessing the fall of Granada (1491) which crowned the reconquest of Spain from the Moors and earned for the King of Spain the title of "Catholic Majesty". In England he proclaimed the right of King Henry VH and his descendants to the English throne and also agreed to some modifications affecting the privilege of "sanctuary". TJie only canonization which he proclaimed was that of Margrave Leopold of Austria (6 Jan., 14S5). He issued an appeal for a cru- sade against the Waldenses, actively opposed the Hussite heres.y in Bohemia, and forbade (Dec, 1480) under penalty of excommunication tiie reading of the nine hundred theses which Pico della Mirandola had publicly posted in Rome. On 5 Dec. 1484, he i-ssued his much-abused Bull against witchcraft (q. v.), and 31 May, 1492. he solemnly received at Rome the Holy Lance which the Sultan surrendered to the Christians. Constantly confronted with a depleted treasury, he resorted to the objectionable expedient of creating new offices and granting them to the highest bidders. Insecurity reigned at Rome during his rule owing to insufficient punishment of crime. However, he dealt mercilessly with a band of imscrupulous officials who forged and sold papal Bulls: capital punishment was meted out to two of the culprits in 1489. Among these forgeries must be relegatetl the alleged permission granted the Norwegians to celeiirate Mass without wine. See " BuUarium Romanum", III, iii (Rome, 1743), 190-22.5.

BuRcHARD, Diarium, ed. Thuasne, I (Paris, 18S3); Infes- SCR.\, Diario della Ciltd di Roma, ed. Tommasini ia Fonti per la Storia d' Italia, V (Rome, 1S90): Ciaconius-Oldoinus, Vita; ei Res gesta Ponlif. Rom., Ill (Rome. 1677). 89-146; Serdonati, Vita d'Jmwcenzo VIII (Milan, 1829); Pastor, Geschichte der Papste (4th ed., Freiburg, 1899), 175-285: bibliog. XXXVII- LXIX; tr, Antrobus (2nd ed., St. Louis, 1901), V, 229-372; Creighton, a History of the Papacy, new ed.. IV (London and New York, 1903). 135-182; Garnett in The Renaissance Cam- bridge Modern History, I (New York, 1903), 221-225; Roscoe, Lorenzo de' Medici (London, 1865), 214-229, .362; Kroger, The Papacy (tr.. New York, 1909), 146, 151-153.

N. A. Weber.

Innocent IX, Pope (Giovanni Antonio Facchi- NETTi). b. at Bologna. 22 July, 1519; elected, 29 Octo- ber, l.")91; d. at Rome, 30 December, l.'jgi. After suc- cessful studies in jurisprudence in his native city he was graduated as doctor of law in 1544, and pro- ceeded to Rome, where Cardinal Nicolo Ardinghelli chose him as his secretary. Later he entered the service of Cardinal Alessandro Far- nese, who appointed him his ecclesi- astical representative at the head of the Archdiocese of .\ vignon and sub- sequenth' called him to the manage- Arms OF Innocent nipnt „f i,,,, atlairs at Parma. In 151)0 he was named Bishoj) of Nicas- troin Calabria, and in l.')(i2w:is present at IheCouncilof Trent. Sent as papal nuncio I oXeiiiec by Pius V in 1.5(10, he greatly furthered the conehision of that alliance (Pope, \'ciiicc, Spain) ag:uiist the T\n-ks which ulti- ni:itely resulted in the victory of J^epanto (1.571). In 1,572 he returned to his diocese, but resigning his sec he

removed to Rome. In 1575 he was named Patriarch of Jerusalem, and on 12 December, 1583, created Cardi- nal-Priest of the Title of the Four Crowned Martyrs — whence the frequent designation "Cardinal of Santi- quattro". During the reign of the sickly Gregory XIV the burden of the papal administration rested on his shoulders, and on this pontiff's death the Spanish party raised Facchinetti to the papal chair. Mindful of the origin of his success, he sup- ported, during his two months' pon- tificate, the cause of Phihp II of Spain and the League against Henry IV of France. He pro- hiliited the alien- ation of church property, and in a consistory held on 3 November, 1 59 1, inf ormef 1 1 he cardinals of liis in- tention of consti- tuting a reserve fund to meet ex- traordinary ex- penses. Death, Innocent IX however, did not Engraving by Vandersypen permit the realization of his vast schemes. He left numerous, though still unpublished, WTitings on theological and philosophical subjects; "Moralia qmedam theologica ", " Adversus Machiavellem ", " De recta gubernandi ratione", etc. His bulls are printed in the " Bullarium Romanum", ed. Cocquelines, V, pt. I (Rome, 1751), .324-32.

Ciaconius-Oldoinus, VtitE et res gestae Pontif. Rom., IV (Rome, 1677). 235-48; Motta, Otto Pontificati del Cinquecento US55-1591) in Arch. star. Lombard., 3rd series, XIX (1903), 372-373; Ranke, Die rfnnischen Papste, II (9th ed., Leipzig, 1889), 150, tr. Fowler, II (London, 1901), 157; Brischar m Kirchenlexikon, s. v.

N. A. Weber.

Innocent X, Pope (Giambattista Pamfili), b. at Rome, May, 1574; d. there, 7 January, 1055. His parents were Camillo Pamfili and Flaminia de Bu- balis. The Pamfih resided originally at Gubbio, in Unibria, but came to Rome during the pontificate of Innocent VHI. The young man stud- ied jurisprudence at the CoUegio Romano and graduated as bachelor of laws at the age of twenty. Soon afterwards Clement VIII ajipointec him consistorial advocate and audi tor of the Rota. Gregory X\' made him nuncio at Naples. Urban VIII sent him as datary with the cardinal legate, FrancescoBarlierini,toFrance and Spain, then appointed him titu- Arms or Innocent lar Latin Patriarch of .\ntioch. and -^

nuncio at Madrid. He was created Cardinal-Priest of Sant' Eusel)io on 30 .\ugust, 1020, though he did not assume the purple until 19 November, 1029. He was a member of the congregations of the Council of Trent, the ln(iuisition, and Jurisdiction and Immimity. On 9 August, 1044, a conclave was held at Rome for the election of a successor to Urban VIII. The conclave was a stormy one. The French faction had agreed to give their vole to no candidate who was friendly to- wards Sptun. Cardinal Firenzohi, the Spanish candi- date was, therefore, rejected, being a known enemy of Cardiiial iMazarin, iirime tninister of France. I'Var- ing llu' ilcelion of an avowed encTny of France, the French party finally agreed with the Spanish party upon Pamtili, although his sym|)athy for Spain was