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INNOCENT

German clergy independently of the pope; Charles's reformatory plans, however, subsequently received ecclesiastical approbation. The mutual peaceful dis- positions prevented any conflict of a serious character. Innocent VI sought to terminate the war between France and England, and finally through his in- tervention the Peace of Bretigny was concluded in lo0. To protect the papal residence against the bands of freel.iootcrs that were then devastating France, Innocent increased the fortifications of Avignon; but before these were completed he was attacked and con- strained to buy off his assailants by an enormous ransom. He used with but little success the severest ecclesiastical penalties against Peter I of Castile (1350-69), who had repudiated and poisoned his wife and is deservedly known as " the Cruel". His efforts to restore peace between Castile and Aragon were fruitless, so also his plans for a crusade and for the re- iniion of the Eastern Church with Rome. At the re- quest of Emperor Charles IV he instituted (1354) for Germany and Bohemia the feast of the Holy Lance and Naiis {Lanceic et Clavorum). He renewed the pre- vious privileges of the mendiea nt orders, then in conflict with Richard Fifzralph, .\rchbisliop of Arniiigli. \\- t hough tainted with nepotism he ranks among the liest of the Avignon popes, tlis patronage of arts and his moral integrity are generally recognized.

For liisi Bulls consult BullaTium /?om., ed. Cocquelines, III, pi. 11 (Koine. 1741), :U 4-324; B.tLuzius, Vitw vap- Avenion., I (P,.n~, 111',', ;_' I -ti2, 91S-74, 1433-36; Liber Pontificalis, ed. 111. 1 ^ I I! I 'iris, 1892). 487, 491-93; Martene, Thesaurus ,„u. ,„,. II (Paris, 1717), 843-1072; Bohmer,

/V,.;. ' . ' < '. /. \ III (Innsbruck, 1889), 782-93; Deprez. Inno- cent VI. Irttrifi rloscfi. vaienies et curiales se rapportant a la France (Paris, 1909); Berlii^re, Suppliques d*Inne>cent VI in Anal. Vatic.belo., V (Namur, 1910); Cerri, /nnocenzo papa F/ (Turin, 1873); Werunsky, Italienische Politik Papst Innoeenz VI. und Konig Karl IV. (Vienna, 1878); Daomet, Innocent VI et Blanche fie Bourbon (Paris, 1899); Mollat, Innocent VI et les tentatives de paix entre la France et V Angleierre {1353-56) in Rev. d'hist. eccUs.. XI (1909), 729-43; Pastor, Geschichte der Papste, tr. Antrobus, I (London, 1891), 93-95; Creighton, History of the Papacy, I (New York, 1901), 54-55; Chevalier, Bio-bibliog. N. A. Weber.

Innocent VII, Pope (Cosimo de' MiGLioR.iTi) ; b. of humble ])arents at Sulmona, in the Abruzzi, about 1336; d. 6 November, 1406. He studied at Perugia, Padua, and finally at Bologna, where he graduated under the famous jurist Lignano. After teaching juri.sprudence at Perugia and Padua for some time, he acconipnniod his former professor, Lignano, to Honic, where he was receivetl into the Curia by Urban VI (1378-89). Shortly after his arrival in Rome, Urban sent him as papal collector to England, where he remained about ten years. Upon his return to Rome he became Bishop of Bologna in 1386, and on 5 December, 13S7, Archbishop of Ra- Ar.ms OF Innocent venna. The latter see he held until VII 15 September, 1400. In 1389, Boni-

face IX created him Cardinal-Priest of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, and sent him as legate to Lombardy and Tuscany in 1390. He was universally esteemed for his piety and learning, and was an able manager of finan- cial affairs. On 17 October, 1404, he was elected and took the name of Innocent VII. His reign fell in the time of the Western Schism; the rival pope was Bene- dict XIII (1394-1423). Previous to his election, In- nocent VII, like the other cardinals, had taken the oath to leave nothing undone, if needs be even to lay down the tiara, in order to terminate the schism. Shortly after his accession he took steps to keep his oath by proclaiming a council, but the disturbances which occurred in Rome brought the pope's good in- tentions to naught. The revolutionary element among the Romans rose up against the temporal au- thority of the pope, and King Ladislaus of Naples hastened to Rome to assist the pope in suppressing the

insurrection. For his services the king extorted vari- ous concessions from Innocent, among them the promise that he would not make any agreement with the rival pope without stipulating that the king's rights over Naples should remain intact. Not content with these concessions, which Iimocent made for the sake of peace, Ladislaus desired to extend his rule over Rome and the ecclesiastical territory. To attain his end he aided the ( Ihilielline faction in Rome in their revolutionary attemjits in 1405. Innocent had made the great mistake of elevating his unworthy nephew, Ludovico Migliorati, to the cardinalate. This act of nepotism is the one blemish in the short reign of the otherwise virtuous pope. But it cost him dear. The cardinal, angered because the Romans rebelled against liis uncle, waylaid a few of the most influential among them on their return from a conference with the pope, and had them brought to his house in order to murder them. The peoiile were highly incensed at this cruel deed, and the pope had to flee for his life, although he was in no way responsible for his nephew's crime. He took up his abofle in Viterbo until the Romans re- quested him to return in 1406. They again acknowl- edgrd his authority, but a squad of troops which King Ladislaus of Naples had sent totheaidof Colonna was still occupying t he Castle of Sant' Angelo and made frequent sorties u|5on Rome and the neiglibouring ter- ritory. Only after Ladislaus was excommunicated did he yield to the demands of the pope and withdraw his troops. In the midst of the.se political disturbances Innocent neglected what was then most essential for the well-being of the Church, the suppression of the schism. His rival, Benedict XIII, made it appear that the only obstacle to the termination of the schism was the luiwillingness of Innocent \TI. The reasons why Innocent did pnietically nuthing for the suppression of the schism were; the troubled slate of affairs in Rome, his mistrust in the sincerity of Benedict XIII, and the hostile attitude of King Ladislaus of Naples. Shortly before his death he planned the restoration of the Roman University, but his death brought the move- ment to a standstill.

Vita Innocenlii VII in Liber Pontificalis, ed. Duchesne, II (Paris, 1892). .WS-IO, 531-3, 552-4; and in MuR.woRl, Rerun, Ilalicrum Scriplores ab anno 600 ad 1600, III (Milan, 171i:f .Tl ). ii. s:;2 sq.; Brand, Innocenzo VII ed il delitto di sua ni}>nt,' Ludcvun Migliorati in .S7t«/i e Documenti di Storia e Dirill,,. XXI (Home, lOOlM: Bmkmktzriei.er, Du.-i General- k,in:il in, grossen abcndh,, r.,. -. I. ..,, > T', 1,. 1 ,. ,, n. 1904); InKM, Die Konzilsidee ini! I i // liuprecht

,i'n 'I, -r Pfalz in Studien w i/ "h'ktiner

unit dcin Cistercienser Oril, n. \\\ll (I'.tiiiiii, rmr, >, :{.55-68; Vernet, Le Pape Innocent \11 rl ic^ J,i}Js in L Universile Catholique, XV (Lyons, 1894), 399-408; Kneer, Zur Vorge- schichte Papst Innoeenz VII. in Historisches Jahrbuch, XII (Munich, 1891), 347-351.

Michael Ott.

Innocent VIII, Pope (Giovanni Battista Cibo), b. at Genoa, 1432; elected 29 August, 1484 ; d. at Rome, 25 July, 1492. He was the son of the Roman senator, Aran Cibo, and Teodorina de' Mari. After a licentious youth, during which he had two illegitimate children, Franceschetto and Teodorina.he took orders and entered the service of Cardinal Calandrini. He was made 1 Bishop of Savona in 1467, but ex- changed this see in 1472 for that of Molfetta in south-eastern Italy and was raised to the cardin.alate the fol- lowing year. At the conclave of 1484, he signed, like all the other cardinals present, the election capitulation which was to bind the future pope. Its primary object was to safeguard the personal interests of the electors. The choice fell on Cil)6 himself who, in honour of his country- man. Innocent IV, assumed the name of Innocent VIII. His success in the conclave, as well as his pro- motion io the cardinalate, was largely due to Giuliano

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