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Naples, 27 October, 1254, but Manfred soon revolted and defeated the papal troops at Foggia (2 Dec, 1254). In England, Innocent IV made his power felt by protecting Henry III against the lay as well as the ecclesiastical nobihty. But here and in other coun- tries many just complaints arose against him on ac- count of the excessive taxes which he imposed upon the people. In Austria, he confirmed Ottocar, the son of King Wenzel, as duke, in 1252, and mediated between him and King Bela of Hungary in 1254. In Portugal, he appointed Alfonso III administrator of the kingdom, because the people were disgusted at the immorality and the tyranny of his father, Sancho III. He favoured the missions in Prussia, Russia, Armenia, and Mongolia, but owing to his continual warfare with Frederick II and his successors he neglected the inter- nal affairs of the Church and allowed many abuses, provided they served to strengthen his position against the Hohenstaufen. He approved the rule of the Syl- vestrines on 27 June, 1247, and that of the Poor Clares on 9 August, 1253. Tlio fdllowing saints were canon- ized by him: Edmund Rich.Archlnshop of Canterbury, on 16 December, 124G; William, Bishop of St-Brieuc, in 1247; Peter of Verona, Dominican inqui-sitor and martyr, in 1253; Stanislaus, Bishop of Cracow, in the same year. He is the author of "Apparatus in quin- que libros decretalium", which was first published at Strasburg in 1477, and afterwards reprinted : it is con- sidered the best commentary on the Decretals of Gregory IX. The registers of Innocent IV were edited by Elie Berger in four volumes (Paris, 18S1-9S) and his letters, 762 in number, by Rodenberg in "Mon. Germ. Epp. sa;cuh XIII", II (1S87), 1-568.

A short biography of Innocent IV was written by his physi- cian, Nicolas de Corbia. It was published by Muhatori, Rerum IlalicaTum Scriptores, 111 (Milan, 1723-51). 1, 589-593. The modern sources are: Deslandres, Innocent IV et la chute des Hohenstaufen (Paris, 1908) ; Weber. Der Kampf zwischen Papst Innocenz IV. und Kaiser Friedrich II. bis zur Flucht des Papstes nach Lyon (Berlin, 1900): FoLZ, Kaiser Friedrich II. und Papst Innocenz /F., ihr Kampf in den Jahren 12ItS~lSlt5 (Leipzig, 1886); Rodenberg. Innocenz IV. und das Konigreich Sicilien (Halle, 1892); Maubach, Die Kardinale und ihre Politik um die Mitte des IS. Jahrhunderts (Bonn, 1902) ; Aldin- GER, Die Neubesetzung der deutschen Bistiimer unter Papst In- Tlocenz IV. (Leipzig, 1900); Hauck, Kirchengeschichte Deutsch- lands, IV (Leipzig, 1903), 808-851; Berger, S. Louis et Inno- cent IV; etude sur les rapports de la France et du saint-siege (Paris, 1893); Masetti, / pontefici Onorio III, Gregorio IX, ed Innocente iVafronte dell' Imperalore Federico II (Rome, 1884) ; Michael, Papst Innocenz I V. und Oesterreich in Zeitschrift fur hath. Theologie, XIV (Innsbruck, 1890), 300-323; Idem, Inno- cenz IV. und Konrad IV.. ibidem, XVlll (1894), 457-472; Gas- QUET, Henry the Third and the Church (London, 1905), 205-353.

Michael Ott.

Innocent V, Blessed, Pope (Petrus a Tarenta- sia), b. in Tarentaise, towards 1225 ; elected at Arezzo, 21 January, 1276; d. at Rome, 22 June, 1276. Tar- entaise on the upper Isere in south-eastern France was certainly liis native province, and the town of Cham- pagny was in all probability his birfh- I)lace. At t he age of sixteen he joined the Dominican Order. After com- pleting his education, at the Univer- sity of Paris, where he graduated as master in sacred theology in 1259, he won distinction as a professor in tlut institution, and is known as "the most famous doctor ", "Doc- tor famosissimus". For some time provincial of his order in France, he /1.1MB ..t ^ :..■,... t.^i ),p(..,„^p Archbi.shopof Lyonsin 1272 and Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia in 1273. He played a prominent jiarl at t he Second CEcumenical Council of Lyons (1274), in which he delivered two dis- courses to the assembled fathers and also pronounced the funeral oration on St. Bona venture. Elected as suc- cessor to Gregory X, whose intimate adviser he was, he assumed the name of Innocent V and was the first Do- minican pope. His policy was peaceable. He sought to

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peace between Pisa and Lucca, and metiiated between Rudolph of Hapsburg and Charles of Anjou. He like- wise endeavoured to consolidate the union of the Greeks with Rome concluded at the Council of Lyons. He is the author of several works dealing with" philosophy, theology and canon law, some of which are still unpub- Ushed. The principal among them is his "Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard " (Toulouse, 1652). Four philosophical treatises: "De unitate formje ", "De materia coeli", "De seternitate mundi", "De intellectu et voluntate ", are also due to his pen. A commentary on the Pauline Epistles frequently pub- Ushed under the name of Nicholas of Ciorran (Cologne, 1478) is claimed for him by some critics.

Liber Pontificalis, ed. Duchesne, II (Paris, 1S92). 457- Ciaconius-Oldoinds, Vitce et res gestie Pontif. Rtm, II (Rome' 1677), 203-206; Mothon, Vie du bienheureur Innocent V (Rome, 1896); Bourgeois, Le Bienheureux Innocent T (Paris, 1899)- Tdrinaz, Un pope snvuisien (Nancy, 1901); ScnnLZ in the New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia, V (New York, 1909), 504.

N. A. Webeh.

Innocent VI, Pope (Etienne Aubert), b. at Mont in the Diocese of Limoges (France) ; elected at Avig- non, 18 December, 1352; d. there, 12 September, 1362. He began his career as professor of civil law at Toulouse where he subsequently rose to the highest judicial position. Having entered the ecclesiastical state he became successively Bishop of Noyon( 1338). of Clermont (134), cardinal-priest (1342), Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia, andGrand Penitentiary (13.52). The conclave which elected liim to the papacy is remarkable for the fact that the first certain election capitu- lation was framed by the cardi- nals present, each of whom bound Arms himself to divide, incase of election, vi

his power and revenues with the College of Cardinals. Aubert took this engagement but with the restriction: "in so far as it was not contrary to church law". When the choice fell on him, one of his fir.st pontifical acts declared the pact illegal and null, because it con- tained a limitation of the Divinely conferred papal power. The new pope also gave immediate proofs of the thoroughly ecclesiastical spirit which was to ani- mate his policy. Shortly after his coronation the numerous ecclesiastics who had flocked to Avignon in search of preferment received a peremptory order to repair, under penalty of excommunication, to their respective places of re-sidence. Some aiipnintments to benefices made by his predecessor were rejiealetl, nu- merous reservations abolished, and ]iluralilies disap- proved. Luxury was banishetl from the p:ipal court and the obligation of following tlus example set by the pope imposed upon the cardinals. To the auditors of the Rota, whose services were gratuitous, a fixed in- come was assigned in the interest of a more impartial administration of justice. As the territory of the Papal States had been usurped by petty princes. Inno- cent VI sent Cardinal Gil de Albornoz {q. v.) to Italy with unlimited power. Success on the battle-field and diplomatic skill enabled this legate to restore papal authority in the States of the Church.

Pope innocent viewed favourably the imperial coro- nation of the German king, Charles IV, at Rome, but at the same time ex.icted from liim a solemn pledge that he would le;ive Rome the very day on which the ceremony would take place. Charles was crowned on Easter Suudiiy, 1355, by the Cardinal- Bishop of Ostia and faithfully ol)serveil his promise. The following year he i.ssued the celebrated "Golden Bull ", against which the pope iirotcsted because it silently passed over the papal claims to confirm the German kings and to administer the empire during a vacancy. Objection was also made in 13,5!) to the

reconcile Guelphs and Ghibellines in Italy, restored emperor's resolution to undertake a reform of the