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INNOCENT

Hurler (Schaffhausen, 1S45). He also wrote "De quadripartita specie nuptiarum" (P. L., CCXV'II, 923-96S), an exposition of the fourfold marriage bond, namely, (1) between man and wife, (2) between Christ and the Church, (3) between God and the just soul, (4) between the Word and human nature, and is entirely based on passages from Holy Scrip- ture. "Commentarius in septem psalmos pa'niten- tiales" (P. L., CCXVII, 967-1130) is of doubtful authorship. Among his seventy-nine sermons (il)i- dera, 314-691) is the famous one on the text "De- siderio desideravi" (Luke, xxii, 15), which he de- livered at the Fourth Lateran Council.

Gesta Innocentii, written by an unknown contemporary, edited with valuable critical notes by B.\luze (Paris, 1686). The Gesta were also edited bv Muratori in Rerum Italicarum Scriptores ab anno BOO ad 1500, III (Milan. 1723-51). i. 480 aq., and reprinted in P. L., CCXIV. cviii-ccxxxviii. Concerning their historical value see Elkan, Die "Gesta Innocentii III," im Verhaltniss zu den Regesten desselben Papstes (Heidelberg. 1876). The principal niodern sources are: Hurter, Geschichte des Papstes Imn'. < /: : in. 'ntd seiner Zeitgenossen (4 vols., Ham- burg. 18411' 'i I 'I ' I [l^ six studies by Luchaire, ail pub- lished at P:iii ; ///. Rome etVItalie (1904); Innocent III, la croho.i, \ ,. j^ (WOo): Innocent III. la papaute et I'empirc (I'.lilii), i,>„o,,„i III. In .,,!.si:..„ .rnri.nl (1007); Inno- cenllll.lrs nH,„„l,~ra.-,s,}l,-^.!, n' ' - . f.HIX). InnocrnI III , lecom-Uc d, Lalr.ni ,1 l„ r, i.n. ■ il'.Klsl; B.KRRY, The Papal .Mnmirchy {Sew York. rHi.l.jsj, ;_' ; JunKy, Hisloiredu Pape Innocent III (Paris. is.'i.i}; Delisle. Mi moire sur les actes d' Innocent III, suivideVitinerairedecepontife (Paris, 1857); Deutsch, Papst Innocenz III. und sein Einftuss auf die Kirche (Breslau. 1876); Gasparin, Innocent III, le siige apostolique, Constanlin (Paris, 1875) ; Schwemer. Innocenz III . und die deiU- sche Kirche wdhrenddes Thronstreites von 1 193- IS03 (.StrashuTg, 1882); LiNDEMANN, Kritische Darstellung der Verhandlungen In- nocenz III. mit den deutschen Gegenkonigen (Magdeburg. 1885); Engelmann, Philipp von Schwaben und Innorm:: III . tr.ihrcnd des deutschen Thronstreites (Berlin, 1896); Wixkki.m wx, rhi- lipp von Schwaben und Otto IV. (2 vols.. Liip/i^, 1S7;;-,S); ^loLITOR. Die Decretale "Per venerabilem'^ von I n'tor, nz III . und ihre Slellung im offrnllichen Rechle der Kirche (Minister. 1,S7B); GiJTSCHOW. Innnrrnz III. und Emihind (Munich, 1904); NoRGATE, John Lnrkhind (New York, 1!)U2); (.Iasquet. Henry the Third and Ihe Church (London, lOO.i). 1-26; Lingard, His- tory of England, II (Edinburgh. 1802), 312-376; Pirie-Gordon, Innocent the Great (London, 1907), somewhat fantastic; NoR- DEN, Papsttum und Byzanz (Berlin, 1903). 133-238; Hill, .4 History of European Diplomacy, I (New York, 1905), 313-331; MuLLANY. Innocent III in American Catholic Quarterly Revielc, XXXII (Philadelphia. 1907), 25-48; Feiehfeil. Innocenz III. und seine Beziehungen zu Bohmen (Teplitz. 1905) ; Bohmer. Regesta imperii, V.; Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Philipp, Otto IV.. Friedrich II., Heinrich (.VII.), Konrad IV„ Heinrich Raspe, Wilhelm und Richard, 1198-1272, newly edited by FicKER and Winkelmann (Innsbruck, 1881-1901).

Michael Ott.

Innocent IV, Pope (Sinibaldo de' Fieschi), Count of Lavagna, b. at Genoa, date unknown; d. at Naples, 7 December, 1254. He was educated at Parma and Bologna. For some time he taught canon law at Bologna, then he became canon at Parma and in 1226 is mentioned as auditor of the Ro- man Curia. On 23 Septemhpr.1227, he was created Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; on 28 July, 1228, vice-chancellor of Rome; and in 1235 Bishop of Albenga and legate in Northern Italy. When (^'elestinelVdiedafter a short reign of sixteen days, the excommuni- cated emperor, Frederick II, was in, , possession of the States of the

Arms oF^I^NNocENT church around Rome and at- tempted to intimidate the car- dinals into electing a pope to his own liking. The cardinals fled to .\nagni and cast their votes for Sinibaldo de Fieschi, who ascended the papal throne as Innocent IV on 25 June, 1243, after an in- terregnum of 1 year, 7 months, and 15 days. Innocent IV had previously been a friend of Frederick II. Im- mediately after the election the emperor .sent messen- gers with roMgratu hit inns and overtures of peace. The pope was desirous (if praee, but he knew from the ex- perience of Gregory IX how little trust could be put in the emperor's promi.-ies. He refused to receive the latter's messengers, liecause, like the emperor himself, VIII.— 2

they were under the Iran of the Church. But two months later he .sent Peter, Archliishop of Rouen, William of Modena. who had resigneil his episcopal office, and Abbot William of St. Facundus as legates to the emperor at Melfi with instructions to ask him to release the prelates whom he had captured while on their way to the council which Gregory IX had in- tendetl to hold at Rome. The legates were further- more instructed to find out what satisfaction the emperor was willing to make for the in .juries which he had inflicted upon the Church and which caused Greg- ory IX to put him under the ban. Should the em- peror deny that he had done any wrong to the Church, or even assert that the injustice had been done on the side of the Church, the legates were to propose that the decision should be left to a council of Idngs, prelates, and temporal princes. Frederick entered into an agree- ment with Innocent on 31 March, 1244. He promised to yield to the demands of the Curia in all essential points, viz., to restore the States of the Church, to re- lease the prelates, and to grant amnesty to the allies of the pope. His insincerity became apparent when he secretly incited various tumults in Rome and refused to release the imprisoned prelates. Feeling himself hindered in his freedom of action on account of the emperor's military preponderance, and fearing for his personal .safety, the pope decided to leave Italy. At his request the Genoese sent him a fleet which arrived at Civitavecchia while the pope was in Sutri. As soon as he was notified of its arrival, he left Sutri in disguise during the night of 27-28 June and hastened over the mountains to Civitavecchia, whence the fleet brought him to Genoa. In October he went to Bur- gundy, and in December to Lyons, where he took up his abode during the following si.x years. He at once made preparations for a general council, which on 3 January, 1245, he proclaimed for 24 June of the same year. Innocent had notliing to fear in France and proceeded with great severity against the emperor.

At the Council of Lyons (see Lyon.s, Councils of) the emperor was represented by Thaddcus of Suessa, who offered new concessions if his master were freed from the ban; but Innocent rejected them, and hav- ing brought new accusations against the emperor dur- ing the second session, on 5 July, solemnly deposed him at the third session, on 17 July. He now ordered the princes of Germany to proceed to the election of a new king, and sent PhiUp of Ferrara as legate to Ger- many to bring about the election of Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia. The pope's candidate was elected on 22 May, 1246, at Veitshochheim on the Main. Most of the princes, however, had abstained from voting and he never found general recognition. The same may be said of the incap:ible ^\'ill^;^m of Holland, whom the papal party elected id'tcr Henry Raspe died on 17 February, 1247. But Innocent IV was determined upon the destruction of Frederick II and repeatedly asserted that no Hohenstaufen would ever again be emperor. All attempts of St. Louis IX of France to bring about peace were of no avail. In 1249 the pope ordered a crusade to be preached against Frederick II, and after the emperor's death (13 De- cember, 12.50), he continued the struggle against Con- rad IV and Manfred with unrelenting severity. On 19 April, 1251 , Innocent IV set out for Italy and entered Rome in October, 1253. The crown of Sicily devolved upon the Holy See at the deposition of Frederick II. Innocent had previously offered it to Richard of Corn- wall, brother of Henry III of England. LTpon his refusal, he tried Charles of Anjou and Edmund, son of Henry III of England. But after some negotiation they also refused owing to the diflicultv of dislodging Conrad IV and Manfred who held Sicilv bv force of arms. After the death of Conrad IV, 20 ^iay. 1254, the pope finally recognized the hereditary claims of Conrad's two-year-old .son Conradin. Manfred also submitted, and Innocent made his solemn entry into