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JERUSALEM

gent, a lion rampant or, crowned gules. See the arras of "die coninc von cipers" in Gelre's Wapen- boeck, 1334-72). The Lusignan "Kingdom of Jeru- salem and Cyprus" came to an end in 1474, when Catlierine Cornaro, widow of the last king (James III), abdicated in favour of the Republic of Venice. What- ever rights they may be supposed to have had to the title of Jerusalem passed to the House of Savoy. Meanwhile, at the death of Amaury II (1205), John of Brienne who married Mary, daughter of the same Isaliel and Conrad of Moiitferrat, began a rival line of titular Kings of Jerusalem. His daughter Isabel (lolanthe), married Emperor Frederick II, who then assumed the title, and (as we have seen) for a short time actually reigned in Jerusalem. He crowned himself in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 17 March, 1229. After him the title was borne by his descendants to Conradin (d. 1268). Then Hugh III, Prince of Antioch (1267-80) and regent of the scat- tered Latin possessions in Palestine for the absent kings of this line, began another series of titular Kings of Jerusalem. He was crowned at Tyre in 1269. His claim was maintained by his son Henry at 'Akka. But Mary of .\ntioch, also descended from Isabel, set up a claim to this visionary crown, and then sold it to her grand- nephew Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily (1285-1309), who had already obtained another claim by marrying Margaret, grand - daughter of John of Brienne. While the iloslems were gaining groinid and driving back the thin remnant of the Latin kingdom every year, the Sicil- ians and the party of Hugh of Antioch were fighting for the empty title. Eventually the kings of Sicily added it to their style, and "Jerusalem and the two Sicilies" existed as a royal title down to the Italian revolution (1860). Lastly, the House of Habsljurg also added this shadowy royalty to its long list of titles. lolan- the— daughter of R6n6 the Good (d. 1480), titular King of Jerusalem and Naples — married Duke Frede- rick of Lorraine; from her the title came to the Dukes of Lorraine, and so, through Maria Theresa's marriage with Francis of Lorraine (1736), to the House of Austria. The arms of Jerusalem formed one of the fifty-eight quarterings of the Imperial Arms of Aus- tria; and "Koni^ von Jerusalem" was one of the emperor's long stnng of titles, till Ferdinand I (1835- 48) had the good sense to reduce both quarterings and titles to those that had a real meaning. The story of this title of Jerusalem forms a curious by- path in history, and is a typical example of the pre- tence that medieval heralds loved. Meanwhile, the Moslem ruled again over the Holy City. The crusad- ing idea lingered on in the West for centuries. Pope Pius II (1458-64) still hoped to renew the work of Urban II ; but nothing ever came of these attempts. Jerusalem was lost to Christendom in 1187; it is lost still.

Till the sixteenth century Syria belonged to the caliphs in Egypt; but it was constantly overrun for short periods by their various enemies. In the thirteenth century the Mongols, who had destroyed the line of caliphs at Baghdad, poured over Syria

Called by Christians the " Tower of David '

plundering and destroying imder their chief Hulagu (capture of Aleppo, 1260). Kutuz (1259-60) sent his famous general, Beibars el-bundukdari, by whom the Mongols were driven out. Beibars then had Kutuz murdered and reigned as caliph in his stead (1260-77). He succeeded in driving the Crusaders nearly back to their la.st stronghold, 'Akka, crushed the "Assassins" (Hashishiye) — fanatical Isma'ilis who had been the terror of Syria for nearly two cen- turies — and conquered a great part of Asia Minor. The name of Beibars (Es-sultan el-malik ez-zahir, rukn-ed-dunya wa-din, "The sultan, the manifest king, prop of the world and the faith") may be seen on many monuments in Jerusalem. Kalafin (1279- 90) deposed Beibars' son, made hiinscK caliph, further harassed the Crusaders, and l)uilt splenditl monu- ments all over Syria. In 1400 the Mongols under Timur again devastated the land.

Meanwhile the Osmanli Turks were becoming the dominant race in Islam. In 1516 under Sultan Selim I (1512-2(1), after they luid crushed the I'c'i^ians (l.")ll),lhey turned southwanl to- wards Syria. On 14 .\ugust, 1516, Selim routed the Egyptian army and killed the Caliph Kansuh el- (llu"u'i. On 22 Jan- uary, 1517. Selim entered Cairo in tri- umph. Mutawekkil, the last Egyptian c.ilipli, died a captive nf the Turks in \X',S., lueathing his title to the conquering House of Osman. It is on the strength of this ((juite illegal) legacy that the Turk- ish sultan still calls himself Caliph of Islam. From this time the Turk has been master of Jerusalem. In 1799 Napoleon I invaded Syria and reached Nazareth. In 1831 the Egyptian army under Ibrahim Pasha defeated the Turks near Homs (Emessa), and kept pos.session of Syria and Jerusalem till England and Austria con- quered them back for the Turks in 1S40. During the nineteenth century Syria has had her share of various Turkish reforms. Jerusalem and the holy places especially, as being the most interesting parts of the empire to Christians and the scene of continual (Chris- tian pilgrimages, were the places where the Turkish government was most anxious to show that its re- forms were really meant. The great number of Christian institutions of various sects and the large Christian population of Jerusalem have almost taken from it the appearance of an Eastern town. The latest development is the enormous increase of Jews, who, in spite of repeated attempts on the part of the government to keep them out, form large colonies in and around the city. They and the European C'hris- tians are now the predomuiant element. There are no cities of the Turkish Empire where Moslems are so little in evidence as in Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and Nazareth.

(2) The Holy Sepulchre. — The Crusaders found the group of buildings as they had been left by Con- stantine IX's restoration (1048; see above). From 1140 to 1149 they made a complete restoration of the whole imder their architect Master Jordan. The effect of this was a great French-Romanesque cathe- dral. At the east of the round building over the Auastasis a transept, and beyond it a choir and an