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the Augustinians conduct a college for lay students. In the towns of Jaro, Iloilo, Zaml)oanga, and Duma- guete are academics for young ladies, conducted re- spectively by Spanish and native Sisters of Charity, native Sisters of the Holy House of Mary, and French Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres. The leper settlement of Culion, under government control, is attended by Jesuit priests and brothers, and by the Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres. The churches and parochial resi- dences are generally large, solidly constructed stone buildings, Spanish in architecture. Many of them are very beautiful. Owing to the withdrawal of the Span- ish friars at the outbreak of the revolution against Spain (1898), and the present scarcity of priests, some parishes are still vacant. The native language, spoken throughout the gi'eater part of the diocese, is Visayan. But in the island of Mindanao the language spoken is a mixture of Spanish and several native dialects. The educated classes, besides speaking their native dialect, also speak Spanish. Since the American occupation the school children are being taught English. The diocese is the centre of the sugar-growing industry, and the planters have always had a predilection for education and culture. Many of the most prominent Filipinos in professional, commercial, and political life are from these parts. Formerly the bishops were Spaniards.

Since 1898 an American bishop presides over the diocese. The first was the Rt. Rev. Frederick Zadok Rooker, consecrated on 14 July, 1903, at Rome; d. in 1907. Bishop Rooker was born in New York, 19 Sept., 1801, and made his first studies at Albany and at Union College; later he entered the American Col- lege at Rome, and obtained in the College of Propa- ganda the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy and Doctor of Theology. He was ordained to the priesthootl in 1888, and acted as vice-rector of the American Col- lege from 1889 to 1894. In 1895 he became secretary of the Apostolic Delegation then recently established at Washington, and held that office until his consecra- tion as Bishop of Jaro.

J-iMES P. McCloskey.

Jarric, Pierre du, missionary writer; b. at Tou- louse in 1566; d. at Saintes, 2 March, 1617. He entered the Society of Jesus, 8 December, 1582. For many years he was professor of philosophy and moral theology at Bordeaux. As his desire to belong to the missionaries of the order was not fulfilled, he wished at least to use Ms pen for the good of the missions. The result was a very important produc- tion for that time, " Histoire des choses plus mem- orables advenues tant ez Indes orientalcs, que autres pais de la descouverte des Portugois", etc. The sec- ond part appeared about 1610, the third in 1614. The work is still a useful one, gives a comprehensive picture of the missionary enterprises of the Jesuits up to 1610, chiefly within the sphere of Portuguese in- terests, and contains numerous valuable data on colonial history, geography, and ethnography, gath- ered from Spanish and Portuguese reports, and from the works of Father Luis de Guzman (" Hist, de las Missiones que han hecho los religiosos de la Com- pania de Jesiis", Alcald, 1601, reprinted at Bilbao, 1892) and of Father Fernando Guerreiro ("Relagao Annal ilas cousas que fizeram os Padres da com- panhia de Jesus na India e Japao, Brazil, Angola, Cabo Verde, duine", Evora, 160;5, and Lisbon, 1605- 07). By the er, 1,S64. When a very young boy, he had to help his parents, who were in strait- ened circumstances, by |)icking up dead wood in the forests or doing errands at the fairs. It was only at the age of twelve that he was first sent to school, at- tending afterwards the seminary of Agen, where he stayed a very short time. He then became a journey- man hairdresser, and a few years later opened a hairdressing shop of his own. To complete his scanty education, he began to read, after hours, the works of Florian, Ducray-Duminil, and above all Goudouli, an eighteenth -century poet, from Tou- louse, known as the "last trouliadour". From his childhood he had been acquainted with popular songs in his native patois, liecause his father, a tailor and almost illiterate, had a real talent for dog- gerel verses, which he sang at fairs. Jacques himself soon started writing songs, and used to recite them to his customers. Being applauded by local admirers, he ventured to publish in 1825 a first volume, "Chari- vari", and from 1825 to 1831 various songs and pa- triotic hymns, which were highly praised by the Acad- emies of Bordeaux and Toulouse. They met with a tremendous success, even beyond the boundaries of his province, and Parisian critics, like Sainte-Beuve and Nodier, pointed out the genuine talent of the hairdresser-poet. He then enjoyed a national repu- tation, received from King Louis-Philippe the cross of the Legion of Honour, and in 1852 was granted a prize of 5000 francs by the French Academy. All his works have been collected in four volumes under the common title of "Papillotos (curl paper) de Jasmin, coiffur, de las Acatlemias d'Agen et de Bordeou " (.\gen, 184.5-53). He stubbornly declined to go and settle in Paris, whose worldly life frightened his simple and candid nature, and continued, among others, the noted poem, " Abuglo de Castel-Cuille " (Blind (iirl of Castel-Cuill^ — 1836), which was translated into Eng- lish by Longfellow ; "Fran^ounetto" (1840); "Marthe la Folle" (1844); "Les deux Freres jumeaux" (1845); "La Semaine d'un Fils" (1849), and "Mes Souven- irs" (begun in 1831, and supplemented at several in- tervals). These gay poems are redolent with a true Christian spirit. When he died, he was engaged in writing a long poem against Renan's "Vie de J(?sus ". The language he used in his poems was not the literary and erudite language of the troubadours, but a popular dialect of Agen; it is harmonious, highly musical, and full of picturesque idioms.

Smith, Jasmin, barber, poet, philanthropist (London, 1891); M cmoires de V Academie de Vaucluse (Avignon), sorie 2, vol. 7 — Revue de I'Aoenais, XXV (Agen, 189S); Sainte-Bedve, Cau- series du Lundi, IV. LOUIS N. Del.\MARRE.

Jason, a Greek name adopted by many Jews whose Hebrew designation was Joshua (Jesus). In the Old Testament, it is applied to three or four per- sons connected with the periotl of the Machabees.

I. Jason, the son of Eleazar. — In 161 b. c, he was sent to Rome by Jmlas Machalieus to secure an alliance offensive and defensive (I Mach., viii, 17 sqq.).

II. Jason, the father of the Antipater who was one of the ambassadors sent by Jonathan, in 144 B. c. to renew the former treaty with the Romans (I Mach., xiv, 22). This Jason is perhaps to be identified with Jason, the son of Eleazar.

III. Jason of Cyrene, a Jewish historian who lived in the second century b. c, and whose work is made known to us by the Second Book of the Macha- bees, which professes to be its direct "Epitome" (II Mach., ii, 24. 27, 32). Jason's work, divided into five books, dealt, apparently in great detail, with the history of the Machabees ancl the wars of the Jews against .\ntiochus Epiphanes, and his son Eu- pator (II Mach., ii, 20 sqq.). In the "Epitome" five parts may still be distinguished, corresponding probalily to tlie five books of Jason, and ending re-