Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 8.djvu/34

 INNOCENT

12

INNOCENT

admittance to communion with the Roman Church through the aforesaid Alexander of Antiocli. The pope informed him, through Alexander, of the con- ditions under which he would resiune communion with him (Ep. xxi). In a later letter Innocent de- cided several questions of church discipline (Ep. xxiv).

The pope also informed the Macedonian bishop Maximian and the priest Bonifatius, who had inter- ceded with him for the recognition of Atticus, Patri- arch of Constantinople, of the conditions, which were similar to those required of the above-mentioned Patriarch of Antioch (Epp. xxii and xxiii). In the Origenist and Pelagian controversies, also, the pope's authority was invoked from several quarters. St. Jerome and the nuns of Bethlehem were attacked in their convents l)y brutal followers of Pelagius, a dea- con was killed, and a part of the buildings was set on fire. John, Bishop of Jerusalem, who was on bad terms with Jerome, owing to the Origenist contro- versy, did nothing to prevent these outrages. Through Aurelius, Bishop of Carthage, Innocent sent St. Je- rome a letter of condolence, in which he informed him that he would employ the influence of the Holy See to repress such crimes; and if Jerome would give the names of the guilty ones, he would proceed further in the matter. The pope at once wrote an earnest letter of exhortation to the Bishop of Jerusalem, and reproached him with negligence of his pastoral duty. The pope was also compelled to take part in the Pelagian controversy. In 415, on the proposal of Orosius, the Synod of Jerusalem Ijrought the matter of the orthodoxy of Pelagius before the Holy See. The synod of Eastern bishops held at Diospolis (Dec, 415), which had been deceived by Pelagius with regard to his actual teaching and had acquitted him, approached Innocent on behalf of the heretic. On the report of Orosius concerning the proceedings at Diospolis, the African bishops assembled in synod at Carthage, in 416, and confirmed the condemnation which had been pronounced in 411 against Ccelestius, who shared the views of Pelagius. The bishops of Numidia did likewise in the same year in the Synod of Mileve. Both synods reported their transactions to the pope and asked him to confirm their decisions. Soon after this, five African bishops, among them St. Augustine, wrote a personal letter to Innocent regarding their own position in the matter of Pela- gianism. Innocent in his reply praised the African bishops, because, mindful of the authority of the Apostolic See, they had appealed to the Chair of Peter; he rejected the teachings of Pelagius and con- firmed the decisions drawn up by the African Synods (Epp. xxvii-xxxiii). The decisions of the Synod of Diospolis were rejected by the pope. Pelagius now sent a confession of faith to Innocent, which, however, was onlj' delivered to his successor, for Innocent died before the document reached the Holy See. He was buried in a basilica above the catacomb of Pontianus, and was venerated as a saint. He was a very ener- getic and active man, and a highly gifted ruler, who fulfilled admirably the duties of his office.

Epiatolae Pontificum Uomanorum, ed. Coustant, I (Paris, 1721); Jaffe. Rcgesta Ram. Pont., I (2nd ed.), 44-49; Liber Pontificalia, ed. Duchesne, I, 220-224; Lanoen, Gescliichte der romischen Kirche, I, 665-741 ; Grisar, Geschichte Roma und der Papate im Mittelalter, I, 59 sqq., 284 sqq.; Wittig, Studien zur Geachichte dea Papatea Innocenz I. und der Papalwahlen dea V. Jahrh. in Tiibinger Theol. Quartalachrift (.1902), 388-439; Geb- HARDT, Die Bedeutung Innacenz I. fur die Entwicklung der papatlichen Gewalt (Leipzig, 1901).

J. P. KiRSCH.

Innocent II, Pope(CIregokioPapareschi), elected 14 I'VI)., li:{0; died 24 Sept., 1143. He wasa native of Home and l>elonged to the ancient family of the Ouidoni. Ilis father's name is given as John. The youthful (Jregory became canon of the Lateran and later Abbot of Sts. Nicholas and Primitivus. He was made Cardinal-Deacon of the 'i'itle of S. Angelo by Pas- chal II, and as such shared the exile of tlelasius II in

France, together with his later rival, the Cardinal- Deacon Pierleone. Under Callistus II Gregory was .sent to Germany (1119) with the legate Lambert, Car- dinal-Bishop of Ostia. Both were engaged in drawing up the Concordat of Worms in 1122. In the following year he was sent to France. On 14 Feb., 1130, the morning following the death of Ilonorius II, the car- dinal-bishops held an election and Gregory was chosen as his successor, taking the name of Innocent II; three hours later Pietro Pierleone was elected by the other cardinals and took the name of Anacletus II. Both received episcopal consecration 23 Feb.; Inno- cent at Santa Maria Nuova and Anacletus at St. Peter's (see Anacletu.s II). Finding the influential fam- ily of the Frangipani had deserted his cause. Innocent at first retired mto the stronghold belonging to his family in Trastevere, then went to France by way of Pisa and Genoa. There he .secured the support of Louis VI, and in a synod at Etampes the assembled bishops, influenced liy the eloquence of Suger of St^ Denis, acknowledged his authority. This was also done by other bishops gathered at Puy-en-Velay through St. Hugh of Grenoble. The pope went to the Abbey of Chmy, then attended another meeting of bishops, November, 1130, at Clermont; they also promised obedience and enacted a number of disci- plinary canons.

Through the activity of St. Norbert of Magth'lnirg, Conrad of Salzburg, and the papal legates, the election of Innocent was ratified at a synod assembled at Wiirz- burg at the request of the German king, and here the king and his princes promised allegiance. A personal meeting of pope and king took place 22 March, 1131, at Liege, where a week later Innocent solemnly crowned King Lothair and Queen Richenza in the church of St. Lambert. He celebrated Easter, 1131, at St-Denis in Paris, and 18 Oct. opened the great synod at Reims, and crowned the yoimg prince of France, later Louis VII. At this synod England, Cas- tile, and Aragon were represented; St. Bernard and St. Norbert attended and several salutary canons were enacted. Pentecost, 1132, the pope held a synod at Piacenza. The following year he again entered Rome, and on 4 June crowned Lothair emperor at the Lat- eran. In 1134 the pope, at the request of the emperor, ordered that Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and the is- land of Greenland shoidd remain under the jurisdic- tion of Hamburg (Weiss, " Weltgeschichte ", V, 21). On the departure of the emperor. Innocent also left and went to Pisa, since the antipope still held sway in Rome. At Pisa a great synod was held in 1 135 (Hefele, " Conciliengeschichte ", V, 425) at which were present bishops of Spain, England, France, Germany, Hun- gary, etc. In the spring of 1137 Emperor Lothair, in answer to the repeated entreaties of the pope, began his march to Rome. The papal and imperial troops met at Bari, 30 May, 1137, and the pope was again conducted into Rome. Anacletus still held a part of the city, but died 25 Jan., 1138. Another antipope was chosen, who called himself Victor IV, but he, urged especially by the prayers of St. Bernard, soon submitted, and Innocent found himself in undisturbed possession of the city and of the papacy.

To remove the remnants and evil consetjuences of the schism, Innocent II called the Tenth (Ecumenical Council, the Second of the Lateran. It l>egan its ses- sions on 4 April, 1139 (not 8 April, as Hefele writes, V, 438). One thousand bishops and other prelates are said to have been present. The official acts of Ana- cletus II were declared null and void, the bishops and priests (irdaincd by him were with few exceptions de- posed, the heretical tenets of Pierre de Bruys were condemneil. Thirty canons were made against si- mony, incontinence, extravagance in dress among the clergy, etc. Sentence of exconnuunication was pro- nounced upon Roger, who styled himself King of Sicily, and who after the departure of the emperor had in-