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 JAMES

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JAMES

Nome di Gesil ed i Francescani", Fano, 1909, 125-34. On his notebook, or " Itinerarium ", see Luigi Tasso, O.F.M., in "Miscellanea Francescana", I (1SS6), 125-26. " Regula confitendi peccata" was several times edited in Latin and Italian tluring the fifteenth century. " De Sanguine Christi effuso" and some other treatises remained in manuscript.

Petrucci, Vita et res geslw B. Jacobi Pifeni, edited by Wad- ding (Lyons, 1641). Other oriKiniil information is found in B. Bernardini Aquilani Chronica Fratrum Minorum ObservantuB, ed. Lemmens (Rome, 1902). 66sqq.; Glassberger in Analecta Franciscana, II (Quaracchi, 1887), 393-96. Much material and papal documents are given in Wadding, Annales, 2nd ed., IX-XVI (Rome, 1724-36). See also Wadding. Scriptores (Rome, 1806), 126: Sbaralea, Supplcmentum ad ,'^criptores (Rome, 1806), 375; ABTHnR, Marlyrologium Francixrnruim, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1653), 578-80. Lives: Leon (de Clahv). Lires of the Saints and Blessed of the Three Orders of St. Frntiri^, IV (Taunton, 1S87), 125-51; Jos. Ma. d'Evora, Compitulin drlta vita di S. Ciacomo delta Marca (Rome, 1726); Gaspare da Monte Santo, Gesta dell' apostolico San Giacomo della Marca Anconitana (Ascoli, 1804); Giuseppe Arcangelo di Fratta Magoiore, Vita delV apostolico eroe S. Giacomo della Marca, 2nd ed. (Naples, 1851) ; Celso Maria di Feltre, Compen/lio Siorico delta vita di S. Giacomo della Marca (Venice, 1876); Giacinto NicoLAl, Vita Storica di San Giacomo della Marca (Bologna, 1876); Leon, Vie de St-Jacques de la Marche, Franciscain de I'Observance 0391-1476) (Paris, 1894); Gaetano Rocro da Napoli, Compendia della Vila di San Giacomo della Marca

(Naples, 1909).

LiVARius Oligeh.

James Frimadicci (or Primadizzi), b. at Bologna; d. in the same city in 1460. As early as the year 1426 he was known to his brethren of the Franciscan Order as an ardent promoter of the strict observance of the rule. When in 1431 Eugene IV had given orders that from among the Observantine friars then assembled in chapter at Bologna, the six al)lest men be set apart to be engagcti exclusively by the Holy See on grave and dirtioiilt missions, James was deemed worthy of this (listiiu'tion. Accordingly, in 1437, the same pon- titf phiceil him at the head of a legation consisting of Friars Minor, commissioned to prepare the way for the union of the .\rmenian Church with the Holy See. The undertaking proved successful owing chief!}' to the efforts of James, as may be gathered from a letter of the Imperial Council at Cafia to Eugene IV. Hence in 1439 James was privileged to present the legates of the .Armenian Patriarch to the Fathers of the Council at Florence. .-Vgain, in 1444, his name appears on the long list of Friars Minor whom the pope had sent out as his nuncios to solicit the aid of the princes and peo- ple of Europe in the matter of a projected crusade. To James was assigned the Exarchate of Ravenna. Later on, his power and jurisdiction were extciiijcd over the whole of Italy. M tlic end of tlic fcllowing year he journeyed to the East in tlic capacity of pajial commissary. From 1446 to 1449 .laincs held the office of vicar general of the Cismontanc lir;inches of the Observance. In 1447 he conveneil a ch:ipter at St. Mary of the .\ngels (Assisi), on which occasion new statutes were drawn up. God has been pleased to glorify the zealous Franci.scan since his death by numerous miracles.

Gonzaga, De Origine Seraph. Religionis (Rome, 1587). 266; Wadding, Annales (Rome, 1731 ein), X passim; Analecta Fran- cisc. II (Quaracchi, 1887), 316 sq., 320; Piccom, Serie Cro- nologico Biogr. dei Ministri e Vicari della Minorit. Prov. di Bologna, IX (Parma, 1908), 104, 369.

Thomas Plassmann.

James the Greateij Saint (Heb. Yakob; Sept. 'IdKu/3; N. T. Greek IdKu/Sos; a favourite name among the later Jews), the son of Zebedee (q. v.) and Salome (q. v. Cf. Matt., xvii, 56; Mark, xv, 40; xvi, 1). Zahn ("Einleitung in das N. T.", IT, Leipzig, 1907, 462) asserts that Salome was the daughter of a priest. James is styled "the Greater" to distinguish him from the Apostle James "the Less", who was probably shorter of stature. We know nothing of St. James's early life. He was the brother of John, the beloved disciple, and probably the elder of the two. His parents seem to have been

people of means, as appears from the following facts. Zebedee was a fisherman ot the Lake of (ialilee, who probably iived in or near Beths:iida (John, i, 44), perhaps in Capharnaum; and had some boatmen or hired men as his usual attendants (Mark, i, 20). Salome was one of the pious women who afterwards followed ('hrist and "ministered unto him of their sub- stance" (cf. Matt.,xxvii,55 sq.; Mark, xv, 40; xvi, 1; Luke, viii, 2 sq. ; xxiii, 55-xxiv, 1). St. John was per- sonally known to the high-priest (John, xviii, 16); and must have had wherewithal to provide for the Mother of Jesus (John, xix, 27). It is probable, according to Acts, iv, 13, that John (and consequently his brother James) had not received the technical train- ing of the rabbinical schools; in tliis .sense tlicy were unlearned and without any official position among the Jews. But, according to the social rank of their parents, they must have been men of ordinary eilu- cation, in the common walks of Jewish life. They had freq\iont oiiportunity of coming in contact with Greek life :ind l:mffuage, which were already widely spread along the sliores of the Galilean Sea. Some authors, coinp:iring John, xix, 25, with Matt., xxvii, 56, and Mark, xv, 40, identify, and probably rightly so, Mary the .Mother of James the Less and of Joseph in Mark;ind Mat tlii'w with "Mary of Cleophas" in John. As the n:inic of Mary Magdalen occurs in the three lists, thry identify fuVthcr S:doine in Mark with "the mother of the sons of Z(4)c'd(T" in Matthew; finally they identify Salome with "his mother's sister" in John. They suppose, for this l:ist idoutific:ition. that four women are desigmitcd liy John, xix, 25; the Syriac " Peshito " gives the re:iding: "His mother and his mother's sister, and M;iry of Cleophas and Mary Magdalen ". If this last supposition is right, Salome was a sister of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and James the Greater and John were first cousins of the Lord; this may explain the discipleship of the two brothers, Salome's request and their own claim to the first position in His kingdom, and His commendation of the Blessed Virgin to her own nephew. But it is doubtful whether the Greek admits of this construction without the addition or the omission of rai (and). Thus the relationship of St. James to Jesus remains doubtful.

"The Galilean origin of St. James in some degree explains the energy of temper and the vehemence of character which earned for him and St. John the name of Boanerges, "sons of thunder" (Mark, iii, 17); the Galilean race was religious, hardy, industrious, brave, and the strongest defender of the Jewish nation. When ,l(ihii the Baptist iirochiimeil the kingdom of the Messi;is, St. John l>eeanie a disciple (John, i, 35); he was directed to "the Lamb of God" and after- wards lirouglit his brother James to the Messias: the obvious nu':ining of John, i, 41, is that St. Andrew finds his lirother (St. Peter) first and that afterwards St. John (who iloes not name himself, according to his hal>itu:d and characteristic reserve and .silence about him.self) finds his brother (St. James). The call of St. James to the discipleship of the Messias is reported in a parallel or identical narration by Matt., iv, 18-22; Mark, i, 19sq. ; and Luke, v, 1-11 (seeCamer- lynck-Coppieters, "Synopsis", Bruges, 1908, 13 sqq.). "The two .sons of Zebedee, as well as Simon (Peter) and his brother Andrew with whom they were in partnership (Luke, v, 10), were called by the Lord upon the Sea of Galilee, where all four with Zebedee and his hired servants were engaged in their ordinary occupation of fishing. The sons of Zebedee "forth- with left their nets and father, and followed him" (Matt., iv, 22), and became "fishers of men". St. James was afterwards with the other eleven called to the Apostleship (Matt., x, 1-4 ; Mark, iii, 13-19; Luke, vi, 12-16; .\cts, i, 13). In all four lists the names ol Peter and Andrew, James and John form the first group, a prominent and chosen group (cf. Mark, xiii, 3); especially Peter, James, and John. These