Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 8.djvu/319

 JAEN

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JAENBERT

him an inclination to science and mathematics, and endeavoured to cultivate it. When sixteen years old, Francois entered the Order of Friars Minor, and after profession w:is sent to Rome, to complete his studies in the Krciicli convent of the order, La Trinitd du Mont. With the permission of his superiors he specialized in mathematics, and at the same time, as a sort of mental diversion, devoted himself to the study of the ancient lan;;uages. He became very pro- ficient in Hebrew, and spoke Greek as though it were his mother-tongue. His labours and learning gained for him the patronage of Cardinals Albcroni and Portoearrero. He accompanied C'arilinal Alberoni on his legation to Ravenna, and was appointed to in- spect the work begun by Manfredi to prevent the repeated inuntlations of that territory. On his return he was given the chair of Sacred Scripture at the College of the l'ro|)agancla, and was also detailed by the general ehajiter of the Friars Minor, assembled at Marseilles, to work upon the annals of the order. The King i>{ Sardinia named him professor of physics at the University of Turin in 1745, but Cardinal Valenti, prime minister of Benedict XIV, eager to retain so learned a man in Rome, had him assigned to the chair of experimental physics at the Roman College. Here he was in continual demand for con- sultation upon scientific matters. In 1763 he was appointed instructor in physics and mathematics to the young Prince Ferdinand at Parma. He was appointed in 1773 to the chair of mathematics at the Roman College, on the occasion of the suppression of the Jesuits. At his death he was connected with nearly all the great scientific and literary societies of Europe. The most important of his works are: (1) "Isaaci Newtoni philosophiie naturalis principia mathematica, perpetuis commentariis illustrata " (4 parts in 3 vols. 4to, Geneva, 17.39-42), in collabora- tion with P. Lesueur; (2) "Parere e rifiessioni sopra i danni della cuppola di San-Pietro" (4to, Rome, 1743); (3) "Elementi di perspettiva secondo i principi di Taylor" (8vo, Rome, 1745); (4) " Institutiones Philosophies; ad studia theologica potissimum ac- commodata" (6 vols, in 12mo, Rome, 1757), reprinted many times at Rome, Venice, and in Germany, and later translated into Spanish; (5) "Elements du calcul integral" (4to, Parma, 1768), a work highly esteemed and more complete than any that had been published up to that time.

Cantor, \ orle.-^unuen iibrr Geschlchte der Malhermitjk, III (Leipzig. 1S98).

E. P. TlVNAN.

Jaen, Dioce.se of (Giionnensis), in Southern Spain. The city of Jaen, capital of the province of the same name, is situated in north-eastern Andalusia on the lower part of the north-eastern slope of Monte Jabal- cuz about 1800 feet above sea-level. In 1900 the population was 26,434. During the period 1013-90 the city of Jaen, the Romans' Aurgi, was the capital of the independent Moorish Kingdom of Djayyan, and was reconquered from the Moors by St. I'^erdinand III of Castile and Leon in .Vpril, 1246. According to local tradition the first bislioj) was St. Euphrasius, supposed to be one of the seventy disciples. He is said to have been sent to Southern" Spain, together with St. Tor- quatus and five other pupils of the .\postles, by Sts. Peter and Paul, and to have .settled at Iliturgis (now Andiijar), where he is reputed to have suffered martyr- dom in the year 68 [ef. llenscluMiins, "De adventu in Hispaniam Sanctorum Tor(|\iati etc." in "Acta SS.", Ill, May (Brus,sels, 1680), 142 4; Terrones y Robres, " Vida, martirio, translaeion y milagros de S. Eufrasio, obispo y patron de Andujar" (Granada, 16.57)]. Other predecessors of the bishops of Ja^n are, accord- ing to local investigations, the bishops of Cazlona (Episcopi Castulonenses), who were active in the period 298-656, and finally four of the bishops of Baeza (Episcopi Beatienses), flourishing between the seventh

and the thirteenth centuries. The list of the bishops proper of Ja,6n does not begin until 124.S, when (lie see was transferred from Baeza to Jaen. The last, Bishop of Baeza was Fray Domingo, O.P. (1227-4,S); the first Bishop of Jaen was Pedro I Martinez (1249-50). The most notable among the sixty-four bishops who have governed the Diocese of Ja<!n are: St. Pedro III Pascual (1296-1.300) and Gonzalo de Zufiiga (1422- 56), who both died as martyrs in Moorish prisons; the sixty-fourth bishop, Juan Jos<5 Laguarda y Fe- nollera (1906-9), was appointed Bishop of Barcelona at the consistory of 29 April, 1909, since which date the See of Jaen has been vacant.

Statistics. — The Diocese of Ja.Cn is suffragan of Granada: it is bounded on the north by the Diocese of Ciudad Real, on the east by the Archdiocese of Toledo, on the south by the Archdiocese of Granada and the Diocese of Guadix, on the west by the Diocese of Cor- dova. According to the latest official diocesan statis- tics (1 January, 1905) it contains about. :i!l"),000 inhabitants, 12 deaneries (arciiircxUizgns) divided into 136 parishes, 136 parish churches, and 6 dependent churches. There are four male religious congregations with 4 monasteries, 10 cloistered female congregations with 27 houses, and 11 uncloistered with 29 houses. The chapter of the cathedral at Jaen has 12 canonries, besides which the old chapter (6 canonries) still exists at Baeza. There is also the theological seminary of San Felipe Neri at Baeza in addition to the diocesan seminary {Seminario Conciliar) at Jaen. Other edu- cational institutions are the Colegio del Santisimo Sacramento for theological studies, and the Colegio de San Eufrasio for the education of choir-boys, both at Jaen. The massive Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin stands in the highest part of the city of Ja^n. It was begun in 1532 by Pedro de Valdelvira, and is a fine specimen of early Spanish Renaissance. In a shrine by the high altar is preser\-ed the famous Santo Rostro or Santa Faz, a handkerchief of Saint Veronica, which is annually exhibited to the people on Good Friday and on the Feast of the Assumption.

De Ximena Jurado, CaUilogo de tos olntipos de las iglesias ratedrales de la diocesis de Jain (Madrid, 1654); de Rus PuERTA, Historia eclesutstica del reino y obispado de Jain (Ja^n, 16:J4), the first part of which is alone printed, the second part being in the National Library at Madrid (MS. Q 58); del BiLcHEs, Santos y Santuarws del obispado de Jaen y Baeza (Madrid, 1653); Gams, Kirchengesch. von Spanien, III (Ratis- bon, 1876), i, 48 sq., 160, 426 sq.

Gregob Reinhold.

Jaenbert (Jaenberht, Janbriht, Janibert, Jambeht, Lambert, Lanbriht, Gengberht), thir- teenth Archbishop of Canterbuiy; d. at Canterbury 11 or 12 Aug., 791: the exact date is uncert;iiii; Flor- ence of Worcester and the .Anglo-Saxon Chronicle place it in 790; Symeon of Durham, the bi'tter author- ity, in 791. Nothing is known of his life till 760. when he was elected Abbot of St. .Augustine's, Canter- bury, and blessed by Archbishop Bregwin. When the archbishop died he was buried at Christ Church, and Jaenbert asserted the rights of his own abbey as the traditional Inirying-place with such vigour that ac- cording to a late tradition the monks of Christ Church elected him archbishop to avoid his appeal to Home. He was consecrated on 2 Feb., 766, and received the pallium from Pope Paul I in 767. During his pontifi- cate the struggle of Kent against the growing power of Offa of .Mercia ended in the defeat of the former kingdom. Offa's policy for the aggrandizement of Mercia involved the creation of a separate archbishop- ric independent of Canterbury, and though Jaenbert opposed this vigorously, Offa obtained the pope's con- sent, and the papal legates George and Theophylact held a council at Chelsea in 787 where Jaenbert was forced to surrender much of the jurisdiction of Canter- bury to Higbald, the newly elected .Archbishop of Lichfield. The extent of the territory transferred is not recorded. Silver coins were minted by Jaenbert,