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 JACOTOT

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JACOTOT

(Rome, 1869), in archives of the postulator general O.F.M.]. The chief obstacle to the confirmation of this cultus lies in the part Jacopono took against Boniface VIII and the satires he wrote against this much calumniated pope.

The iconography of Jacopone is not very rich. In the cathedral of Prato is a beautiful fifteenth-century fresco, often reproduced [for instance by Thode (see bibliography), fig. 66; in "La Verna ", IV (1906), 389]. The fourteenth-century Codex Strozzi 174 at the Laurentian Library, Florence, contains a minia- ture of the poet (see " Nuova Antologia", Rome, 1 June, 1880, 465); another miniature (certainly con- ventional) is found in the " Franceschina " of the Portiuncula. The church of S. Fortunato of Todi is adorned by two pictures of Jacopone — one over his tomb (1596), another in a side chapel together with the portraits of four other saints (seventeenth cen- tury). Jacopone was believed to have died not so much from bodily ailment as from the excess of Divine love, which at last broke his heart (Modio, preface). The chief interest attaching to Jacopone is derived from his literary works. Of his poems, written almost all in his native Umbrian dialect, seven earlv editions exist but no modern critical one. (1) The first is printed at Florence, 1490. It is al- most a critical edition and contains 102 Italian pieces. [See accurate description in "Miscellanea Francescana", I (Foligno, 18S6), 21-29.] The other editions are: (2) Brescia, 1495, containing (in addition to compositions of other poets) 122 poems, of which seven are in Latin; (3) Venice, 1514 — 139 songs; (4) Venice, 1556 — repetition of the preceding; (5) Rome, 15.58 — by Modio, with life of Jacopone in the preface, best edition after that of 1490, which it follows in the number of poems (102); (6) Naples, 1615 — reprint of the Roman edition with slight alterations; (7) Venice, 1617 — by Francesco Tresatti, O.F.M. — the best-known but least critical edition, containing 211 copiously annotated songs, many of which certainly do not belong to Jacopone. Ales- sandro de Mortara published a few hitherto unedited poems of Jacopone (Lucca, 1819). Towards the middle of the nineteenth century, Ozanam revived general interest in Jacopone by his "Poctes fran- ciscains". Since then many have written on the subject and expressed their appreciation of these medieval songs. Jacopone was certainly a true poet, so much so that some of his productions, as " In foco I'amor mi mise" and "Amor di caritate", have been attributed to St. Francis himself. Both are at the head of LTmljrian poets. Jacopone's rhymes, simple, at times even rough in expression, but profound and tender in sentiment, were less adapted to the cultured classes than the "Divina Commedia " of Dante, but were sung with enthusiasm by the people. How much Jacopone's poetry was appreciated down to the seventeenth century is shown by the numberless manuscripts which contain them, often in the par- ticular dialect of the region where they were written, and by the fact that almost every old Italian spiritual song has been ascribed to him. These laudi were especially in use among the so-called Laudesi and the Flagellants, who sang them in the towns, along the roads, in their confraternities, and in sacred dramatical representations. Even the "Stabat Mater Dolo- rosa", the authorship of which is still attributed to Jacopone with greater probability than to any other competitor (Gihr), was sung in the same w^ay. (See, on this point, D'Ancona, "Origini del Teatro Itali- ano", I, Turin. 1891, 114, 155-62, 550-2.)

Jacopone's prose works are much less generally known than his poems. They consist mainly of small spiritual treatises, somewhat resemljling the well- known golden sayings of Blessed Giles (see jEgidius OF ."^ssi.si), but they are more connected. The Latin text of these may he found in part in Bartholomew

of Pisa (1. c.) and in many manuscripts. An Italian version, translated from Bartholomew of Pisa, is found in the "Franceschina" and some other ver- sions of the life of Jacopone. Another fifteenth- century Italian version, ascribed to Feo Bclcari, appeared at the beginning of the sixteenth century, together with the treatises of LTgo Panciera at Venice (s. d.); ed. Parenti at Modena in 1X32; and finally in "Prose di Feo Belcari edite ed inedite", III (Rome, 1843), by Gigli; cf. E. Bohmer in "Romanische Stu- dien ", I (Halle, 1871), 12.3-32. Finke (1. c.) suspects that a treatise in the MS. J 491, no. 799, in the Na- tional Archives of Paris, and directed to the King of France by "illiteratus Jacob", belongs to Jacopone.

Li

Oddi (d.

gia, one at Portiuncula (Assisi), one at Norcia (Unabria). De- scription of the one existing in the public library at Perugia is given by Percopo. La Vita e le Laudi di Fra Jacopone da Todi nello Specchio de VOrdene Menore (Franceschina) in It Propu- gnatore, XIX (Bologna, 1886), 151-212. Almost identical with this is the life edited by Tobler in Zeitschrift fiir romanische Philologie. II (Halle, 1878), 26-39; cf. ibid.. Ill (1879), 178-92; and another of Mariano Florentino (7), edited by Livarius Oliger in Luce e Amove, IV (Florence, 1907), 418-26; 473-89. There is also a shorter version: Possevino, Vite de' Santi e Beali di Todi (Perugia, 1597), 98-113; Modio, / Cantici del B. Jacopone da Todi (Rome. 1568), preface; Dal Gal, La Verna (Rocca S. Casciano, 1906), 385-92; Jacobilli, Vile de Sanli e Beali deir Umbria, III (Foligno, 1661), 215-19; Wadding, An- nates, V (2nd ed.). 407-14, VI, 77-84.

(2) Modern Lives and Treatises. — Macdonnell, Sons of Francis (London, 1902), 354-86, with good samples of transla- tions of Jacopone's poetry — see also, ibid., 401-2; Anon., Jaco- pone da Todi in Quarterly Review (London, Jan., 1910). 53-72; Dorsey, The Mad Penitent of Todi (Notre Dame, Ind., s. d.) (a novel): Ozanam, Les Poitesfranciscains en Ilalie au treiziime siicle (Paris, 1852), many successive editions — German tr. by JuLins (Munster, 1853), Italian tr. by Fanfani (Prato, 1854); P'Ancona, Jacopone da Todi, il Giullare di Dio del secolo XIII in Nuova Antologia, 2nd series, LI of the whole collection (Rome, 1880), 193-228, 438-70, reprinted in D'Ancona, Studi delta Letteratura italiana dei primi secoli (Ancona, 1884), 3-104; Thode, Franz von Assisi und die Anfdnge der Kunst der Renais- sance in Italien (2nd ed., Berlin, 1904), 440-51; Gebhart, L'ltalie mystique (Paris. 1890), 257-70; Alvi, Jacopone da Todi (Todi, 1906) — full of inaccuracies, see Voce di San Antonio, XII (Rome, 1907), 19-20; Brugnoli, Fra Jacopone da Todi, publi- cation of Societh internazionale di Studi Francescani in Assisi (.Assisi. 1907).

(3) On Works and Particular Qdestions. — Bohmer, Jaco- pone da Todi. . . in Romanische Studien, I (Halle, 1871), 123-61; AIoscHETTl, / Codici Marciani contenenti Laude di Jacopone da Todt (Venice, 1888) ; Tenneroni, Inizii di antiche Poesie italiane religiose e morali con prospetto dei Codici che le contengono e In- troduzione alle Laudi spirituali (Florence, 1909), preparatory work for critical edition of Jacopone. Partial German transla- tion of Jacopone's poetry, with good introduction: Schlutter and Stork, Ausgeuahlte Gedichte Jacopone's da Todi (Miinster, 1864); Felder, Jacopones Marienminnc (Stans, 1903), French tr. La Madonne dans les Poesies de Jacopone de Todi in Eludes Franciscaines (Couvin, Belgium, March and April, 1904); La- TiNl, Dante e Jacopone e loro contatti di pensiero e di forma (Todi, 1900). On the Stabat Mater Dolorosa see Juli.an, Dictionary of Hymnology (2nd impression of 2nd ed., London, 1908), 1081- 84, where the numerous English translations, old and new, are indicated; see, ibid., 575 and passim; Chevalier, Repertorium Hymnologicum, II (Louvain, 1892), 599-600, with copious bibliography Henry, The Two Stabats in American Calh. Quar- terly Review, X'X.'V 111 WOZ); Gmn.Die Sequenzen desrnmischen Messbuches (Freiburg im Br., 1887), 80-130; Tenneroni, Lo Sta- bat Mater e Donna del Paradiso (Todi, 1887) ; Colarulli, La Sa- tira, " Papa Bonifatio, molt ay jocato al mondo ", e la Sequenza "Stabat Mater" di Fra jacopone da Todi (Todi. 1906) ; Marini, L'Estetica dello Stabat Mater (Siena, 1897); Gioia, Lo "Stabat Mater Speciosa" di Jacopone da Todi (Rome, 1892); Ghilardi, II B, Jacopone da Todi e la sua prigionia in Luce e Amore, III (Florence, 1S06), 931-36.

Livarius Oliger.

Jacotot, Joseph, French educator, b. at Dijon, March, 1770; d. at Paris, 30 July, 1840. He studied in the college of his native city, where, at the age of nineteen, he was appointed professor of classical liter- ature. Later he filled successively the chairs of the methods of sciences (1796), ancient langiiagi's (1797), higher mathematics (1803), Rom:iii hiw (ISOO), ;ind pure mathematics (1809). A member of the House of Representatives during the Hundred Days, he ex- pressed his preference for the Empire, and, at the time of the Second Restoration, his hostility to the Bourbons made it necessary for him to leave France.