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 ITTENBACH

256

IVES

be daily remernbercd during their absence from the and his pictures have a suave and attractive reiigiouti

monastery. According to monastic tradition, if the absence were to be only a short one, i. e. if they were to return the same or the following day, they merely asked the abbot's blessing, usually at the conclusion of one of the canonical hours, and then requested the praj'ers of the community.

But if the journey was to occupy a longer time, a more solemn form of itinerarium was customary. Kneeling or lying prostrate at the altar steps, some

aspect and create a strong emotion in the minds of those who gaze at them. He painted a few portraits, but they were unimportant; his main work was in his altar-pieces.

See various numbers of the Zeitsckrift jut Bildende Kunst (1S79 and later years).

George Charles Willi.\mson.

Ives (Yves), Saint, b. at Kermartin, near Tr^guier, Brittany, 17 October, 12.53; d. at Louannec, 19 May,

versicles and prayers were recited over them by the 1303, was the son of Helori, lord of Kermartin, and abbot, who then dismissed the travellers with his Azo du Kenquis. In 1267 Ives was sent to the Uni- blessing and the kiss of peace. This was most likely versify of Paris, where he graduated in civil law. He

the origin of the itinerarium as we have it at present. The constitu- tions of the various orders and con- gregations usually legislate for the particular prayers to be used by their memliers before a journey, and the dut.y of a community to pray for those who may be travelling is fulfilled at the present day by the versicle "Divinum auxihum", said for absent brethren at the end of each of the canonical hours. The inclusion of the itinerarium in the secular Roman Breviary indicates that its use is at least recommended to all clerics, though not obligatory. The " Caeremoniale Episcoporum " directs that a prelate ought to re- cite it with his chaplains or house- hold before commencing a journey; and Gavanti mentions an ancient pontifical containing a longer form of itinerarium for the use of prel- ates. The usual form consists of the canticle " Benedictus " with an- tiphon, certain versicles, and sev- eral collects. Two of these latter are very ancient, being found in the Gregorian Sacramentary. In some modern editions of the monastic Breviary a shorter form *'"'• '"^"phaw! 1 of itinerarium is also given, for use "ante ambulationem extra monasterium".

DuHAND, Rationale Divini Officii (Venice, 1568); Haeften, DisquisUiones Monast. (.'Vntwerp, 1644); Gavanti, Thesaurus Sacrorum Riluum (Venice. 1744); Martene, De Antiquis Monacfiorum Ritibus (Lyons, 1790).

G. Cyprian Alston.

went to Orleans in 1277 to study canon law. On his return to Brit- tany having received minor orders he was appointed "official", or ecclesi- astical judge, of the archdeanery of Kennes (12S0); meanwhile he stud- ied Scripture, and there are strong reasons for holding that he joined the Franciscan Tertiaries sometime later at Guingamp. He was soon invited by the Bishop of Tr^guier to become his "official", and accepted the offer (1284). He displayed great zeal and rectitude in the dis- charge of Ills duty and did not hesi- tate to resist the unjust taxation of the king, which he considered an encroachment on the rights of the Church; by his charity he gained the title of advocate and patron of the poor. Having been ordained he was appointed to the parish of Tredrez in 12.S5 and eight years later to Louannec, where he died. He was buried in Treguier, and was canon- ized in 1347 by Clement VI, his feast being kept on 19 May. He is the patron of lawyers, though not, it is said, their model, for — "Sanctus Ivo erat Brito, Advocatus et non latro, ENBArH"" ' ^ ^^^ miranda populo."

Ada SS., Mav, V, 248; Life by de la Hate (Morlaix, 1623); and by Norbert (Paris, 1892); Daniel, Monuments originaux (St-Brieux, 1887) Anulecta Bolland., II, 324-40; VIII, 201-3; XVII, 259. A. A. MacEelEAN.

Ives, Levi Silliman, b. at Meriden, Connecticut,

U. S. A., 16 September, 1797; d. at New York, 13

October, 1867. He was one of the most distinguished

Ittenbach, Franz, historical painter; b. at Konigs- converts to the Church made in the United States

winter, at the foot of the Drachenfels, in 1813; d. at through the influence of the Tractarian Movement of

Dusseldorf, 1879. He was a pupil at the age of nine- 1848-49. The war of 1812 with England broke out

teen at the Academy of Dusseldorf, receiving also while he was at school, and he joined the array, serv-

private lessons from its president, Schadow. He was ing for a year. His further education he received at

an exceedingly religious man, and associated with him- self three of his friends and fellow-students, Karl and Andreas Miiller, and Ernst Deger, and the four men travelled about in Germany, studying and painting

Hamilton College. In 1823 he was ordained a minis- ter of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and officiated at several charges in New York and Pennsylvania until 1831, when he was elected Bishop of North

together. He persistently declined any commissions Carolina. Here he took great interest in the educa- for mythological or pagan subjects, and as a rule de- tion and religious training of the coloured people of voted his energies exclusively to church decoration, that section. Deeply impressed by the Oxford Move- preceding the execution of his greatest works by ment, he founded at Valle Crucis in North Carolina devout religious exerci-ses, including confession and a religious community, called the "Brotherhood of communion. His finest paintings are to be found at the Holy Cross ". The members, a few clergymen and Bonn, in the church of St. Remigius, and in Breslau in zealous laymen, observed a community rule and went a church dedicated to the same saint. There is also a about preaching Tractarian ideas. So warm was the remarkable "Holy Family" dated 1861, painted for advocacy of the C)xford theories by Bishop Ives that Prince Liechtenstein in his private chapel near Vienna, he was arraigned for them before the convention of and many other works by him are in various Catholic the Episcopal Church. His explanations were ac- churche.s'in Germany, ills only important fresco was cepted for a time, but the "Brotherhood of the Holy painted in 1844 in a church at Rcmagen. He was a Cross" was dissolved. In 18,52 he went to Rome very popular painter in court circles, a member of and made his submission to the pope, and thus, as he most of the European academies, and the recipicnl of said himself, "abandoned a position in which he had many medals and decorations. His eolouriiig is acted asa minister of the Protestmit Episcopal Church correct and delicate, and yet of remarkable brilliance, for more than thirty years, and as a bishop of the