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ITALY

Fucino, to the west. The eastern range extends from Apennines, of which they preserve lioth the nature and the defile of Arquata to the Sangro River and is di- the direction; the Apennines of Calabria, which are vided into three stretches, namely, the group of Pizzo different in direction, aspect, and nature from the

di Sevo (7S50 feet), from the Tronto River to the Vo- mano; the Gran Sasso d'ltalia, between the Vomano and the Pescara Rivers, the highest group of the peninsula, its greatest elevation being that of Mt. Corno (9560 feet) ; and third, the group of the Majella, which is preceded by the Morone chain and the highest point of which is Mt. Amaro (9170 feet). Bears are still to be found in these mountains. The middle

Apennines, having an Alpine character; the Margie range, also differing in origin and characteristics from the Apennines, (h) The Neapolitan Apennines. — This range extends from the Pass of Rionero to the saddle of Conza. Beginning at the north, there is first the highland plain of Carovilli, and then the mountains of Frentani or of Campobasso. These are followetl by the vast highland plain of the Sannio and

range of the Abruzzan Apennines parts from the by that of Irpino which forms the eastern border of the Velino River near Mt. Terminillo and divides into the Beneventana basin and terminates at the saddle of groups of Mt. Velino and of Mt. Sirente, from which Conza. This series of elevations, although of medium

the range is continued to the south-east, by the Scanno Mountains, which are separated from those of Majella l)y the plains of 8olmona and of Cinque- miglia. (f) The Roman .Sub-Apennines. — The Sabine Mountains rise between the Aniene, the Tiber, the Nera, the Velino, and the Turano Rivers, containing Mt. Pel- lecchia (44S7 feet); they are a continu- ation of the moun- tains of Spoleto and develop a most pic- turesque region that is rich in historic memories. TheSim- bruini Mountains stand between the Turano and the Ani- ene Rivers, followini; the direction of the Sabine Mountains. Between the Sacco and the Aniene Riv- ers are the Ernici Mountains, which are of volcanic na- ture. They are fol- lowed in a north- westerly direction by the Palestrina Mountains, which contain Mt. Guadagnolo 990 feet) and which are separated from the saddle of Palestrina (1130 feet) and from the Alban Mountains, which belong to the Anti-.Vpennines. (g) The Roman Anti-.\pennines. — This range extends from the Flora to the Garigliano rivers and is divided into two parts. Between the Rivers Flora and Tiber there is a predomi- nance of volcanic groups like that of the Volsini Moun- tains (2270 feet) that form a chain of volcanic stone around Lake Bolsena. which was formed, possibly, by the reunion of several extinct craters. This group is followed by the Cimini Mountains around Lake Mco; the Sabatini Mountains around Lake Bracciano; Mt. Soracte (2270 feet), standing solitary on the Tiber, and the Tolfa Mountains (2000 feet) on the sea; these are rich in alum. The .\lban Mountains, also of vol- canic character, rise between the Rivers Tiber, Gari-

height. marks the principal axis of the A])ennine range, (i) The Neapolitan Tyrrhenian Sub-Apennines are formed of the groups of the Matese and of the Ter- minio, and of the Avellino Mountains. The Matese group, which is totally isolated, has its highest eleva- tion in Mt. Miletto (6700 feet) and con- sists of two parallel trunks that are very close together, hav- ing between them a narrow height that contains a small lake. The group of the Terminio (about 6000 feet high), which contains Mt. Accellica and Mt. Cervialto, consti- tutes one of the most important oro-hy- drographic points of Southern Italy. They abound in springs, and from them come the fresh waters of the Serino with which Naples is supplied through an aqueduct. Be- tween the two above gi-oups rise the Avellino Mountains that close the Beneventana basin. These are groups that are isolated by deep clefts, chief among them being Mt. Vergine (4S00 feet) which has upon it a cele- brated sanctuary, (j) The Neapolitan Tyrrhenian Apennines. — This Anti-Apennine range extends in the direction of the Roman Anti- Apennines, through the volcanic group of Roccamonfina and of Mt. Mag- giore, to the Volturno River. On the coast is the region of Campi Flegrei, formed of small, extinct volcanoes; then the active volcano Mt. Vesuvius (4070 feet), and .after that the Lattari or Sorrento chain which forms the peninsula of Sorrento and terminates at Campa- nella Point, (k) The Neapolitan Adriatic .\nti-Apen- nines consist of the Gargano group which is entirely isolated and which differsfrom the Apennines in origin and in nature. It projects into the Adriatic Sea (the

gliano, Sacco or Tolero, and the sea, with their highest Gargano Head) for 30 miles and the River Candelaro

elevation in Mt. Cavo (3100 feet) near Rome. Beyond now takes the place of the branch of the sea that for-

thegapof Velletri rise the Volscian Mountains, which merly separated this gi'oup from the peninsula. The

are of a calcareous nature and which extend to the elevation rises steep above that river and the Gulf of

Garigliano. They are divided into three groups: the Manfredonia, forming a series of forest -covered ter-

Lepini Mountains, containing Mt. Semprevisa (5000 races upon which stand dome-shaped summits, as Mt.

feet), the .\usonian Mountains, and the Aurunci Calvo (3460 feet), and sloping down towards the north

Mountains, which contain Mt. Petrella (5000 feet) and upon Lake Varano. From this side of Mt. Cornacchia

which form the promontory of Gacta. There are three (3S00 feet) the Capitanata Mountains branch towards

railroads that cross this section of the -Apennines; the the north and pass around the plain of .Vpulia on the

Chieti-Aquila-Terni-Roma. the Chicti-Solmona-.^vez- west. (1) Lucan .\pennines. — This is a chain that ex-

zano-Roma, and the .\quila-Isernia-Xaplps. tends from the Sella di Conza to the Scalone Pass and

TheSouthernApenninesarptlividedintothree parts: is bounded by the Sele River, the Ofanto with its af-

the branch that is formed by the Neapolitan and Lu- fluent the Locone, the Bradano and its affluent the

can Apennines, the true continuation of the Central Basentiello, the coast of the Gulf of Taranto, the Isth-