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ISLIP

Islam is sometimes divided under two heads of "Faith", or " Iraan", and "Practical Rehgion", or "Din". Faith (Iman) includes a belief in one God, omnipotent, omniscient, all-merciful, the author of all good, and in Mohammed as His prophet, expressed in the formula: "There is no God but God, and Moham- med is the Prophet of God." It includes, also, a be- lief in the authority and sufficiency of the Koran, in angels, genii, and the devil, in the immortality of the soul, the resurrection, the day of judgment, and in God's absolute decree for good and evil. Practical re- ligion (Din), on the other hand, consists of five obser- vances, viz.: recital of the formula of belief, prayer with ablution, fasting, almsgiving, and the pilgrimage to Mecca. For further details see Koran and Mo- hammedanism.

g.\briel oussani.

Isleta Pueblo, the name of two pueblos of the an- cient Tigua trite, of remote Shoshonean stock. The older and principal is on the west bank of the Rio Grande about twelve miles below All.iuciuerque, New Mexico. The other, an offshoot from the first and sometimes distinguished as Isleta del Sur (Lsleta of the South), is on the Texas side of the Rio Grande, a few miles below El Paso. The original Isleta (i. e. islet) was so named by the Spaniards from its position on a tongue of land projecting into the stream; the native name, Shiewhibak, seems to refer to a knife used in connexion with a certain ceremonial foot race. It was first entered by the Spanish commander, Coronado, in 1540, and again in 1582-3 by Espejo (q. v.) while trying to ascertain the fate of Father Rodriguez and two other Franciscan missionaries who had been mur- dered by Indians in the vicinity a year earher. Before 1629 it had become the seat of the Franciscan mission of San Antonio. At a later period it received many refugees from outlying pueblos abandoned in conse- quence of Apache raids, until at the outl^reak of the great Pueblo revolt in 1680 it may have numl^ered 2000 souls. Owing to the large number of Spaniards in the pueblo at the time they were not molested in the general massacre, but the natives, after having made submission to Governor Otermin the following year, secretly withdrew to join the enemy, inconsequence of which Otermin burned the pueblo, carrj-ing all the remaining Indians, 400 in all, to El Paso, where he colonized them in the new town of Isleta del Sur, re- estabUshing at the same time the mission of San Antonio. In 1692-3 Vargas reconquered the Pueblo country and mission work was soon after resumed. About the year 1710, or a few years later, the original Isleta was reoccupied by the Tigua, and a new mission established there under the name of San Agustin. With the growth of the Spanish population the im- portance of the Indian missions correspondingly de- creased. In 1780-1 one-third of the whole Pueblo population was swept away by smallpox, in conse- quence of which most of the missions were abandoned, but that at Isleta continued to exist under Spanish and Mexican rule for fifty years longer, when it became virtually a secular church. The pueblo now has a population of about 1100, rating tliird among the Pueblo towns, and has both a goverimient and a Catholic day-school. In culture, social organization and ceremonial forms the inhabitants resemble the Pueblo generally. In Isleta del Sur the few remain- ing inhabitants, although very much Mexicanized, still keep up some Indian forms and retain their native language.

B.^.vcROPT, Hisi. Arizona and AVu' Mexico; Bandelier, Arch. Inst, papers: Commissioner Jnd. Affs., Annual Repts., etc., for which see under Indians, .\meric.\.v.

James Moonev.

Islip, Simon, Archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Islip, near Oxford; il. at Mayfield, Sussex, 26 April, 1366. He was educated at Oxford, where he pro-

ceeded doctor in canon and civil law, being elected Fellow of Merton in 1307. His talents and learning as an ecclesiastical lawyer soon won for him many bene- fices and preferments. Having for a time been rector of Easton, near Stamford, he exchanged this place in 1332 for the archdeaconry of Stow, which he only held for one year. He also held the rectory of Ilorncastle. Bishop Burghersh of Lincoln, then treasurer and Chancellor of England, made him a prebendary of Lincoln Cathedral in 1327, and he held successively the prebends of Welton Brinkhall, Aylesbury, and Wclton Beckhall, while in 1337 he became vicar-general for the diocese. At this time he was much in London, where he entered the king's service as one of the royal chaplains. Edward III trusted him also in diplo- matic and political affairs, appointed him a member of the council ;ind in 1346 gave Islip extensive powers during his own absence in France. In 1343 he had been made arcluleacon of Canterbury and subse- quently he was made dean of arches. He also held the prebend of Mora in St. Paul's Cathedral and a stall at Lichfield. John Stratford, the Archliishop of Canterljury, died in 1348 while the Black Death was raging. His two successors, John Ufford and Thomas Bradwardine, died of the plague within a few weeks of each other, the former before consecration. On 20 Sept., 1349, Simon Islip was elected archbishop, but within three weeks the pope conferred the see on him by provision. He was consecrated just before Christmas and I'eceived the pallium at the following Easter. The archdiocese had suffered from the pesti- lence and there was a dearth of clergy, so that the first work Islip was called on to undertake was a visitation, during which he laboured with energy to restore eccle- siastical discipline.

At this time, and after the renewed outlireak of the Black Death in 1362, he took particular ]iains to regulate the stipends of the unliencficed clergy, who were induced by the greatly diminished number of priests to exact higher remuneration for their services than formerly. He next succeeded in terminating the ancient dispute between the archbishops of Canter- bury and York, as to the right of the latter to bear his cross in the province of the former. The final arrange- ment, suggested by the king, agreed to by both arch- bishops, and confirmed by the pope, was that the Archbishop of York might carry his cross in the prov- ince of Canterbury on condition that each archbishop should within two months of his confirmation present to the shrine of St. Thomas a goklen image of an arch- bishop. Though he was a favourite of the king, he did not hesitate to resist royal exactions, and he ad- dressed a vigorous remonstrance on the subject to Edward III. This being supported by the action of a synod over which the archbishop presided, and which refused the king's demand for a tenth of ecclesi- astical income for sLx years, proved effectual to check the corrupt system of purveyance. Copies of this remonstrance, the "Speculum Regis Edwardi", are in the Bodleian library (MS. 624) and the British Museum (Harl. MS. 2399; Cotton MSS., Cleopatra D. IX and Faustina B. i.). Islip was a munificent benefactor of Oxford University, and founded a col- lege which he intended should afford special facilities for monks to obtain the advantages of a university course, but the difficulties proved insurmountable, and after his death his foundation continued as a depend- ence on Christ Church, Canterbury, until it was ab- sorbed by Cardinal Wolsey, in his foundation of Christ Church. Oxford. During his lifetime he had the reputation of being a sparing and niggardly adminis- trator of the temporalities of his see, but this seems to be explained partly by the nature of the times, which called for economy and the wise husbandry of re- sources, and partly by his own temperament, which was frugal and averse to display. Both his enthrone- ment and his funeral at Canterbury were by his own