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 IRISH

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IROQUOIS

maid, Honoria Magan, tertiaries, Burrishoole; Daniel Delany, P.P., Arklow, hanged, Gorey. 1654: Bernard Conney, O.S.F., died in Galway jail; Mary Roche, Viscountess Fermoy, Cork; William Tirry, p., Aiigiis- tinian hermit, probably in Co. Cork. 1655: Daniel O'Brien, dean of Ferns, Luke Bergin, O.Cist., and James Murchu, hanged, 14 April.

The Restoration Onwards. — 1665: Raymund O'Moore, p., O.P., Dublin; 1679: Felix O'Conor, p., O.P., Sligo; 1691: Gerald Fltzgibbon, p., O.P., Listo- wel; 1695: John O'Murrough, p., O.P., Cork; 1704: Clement O'Colgan, p., O.P., Dcrry; 1707: Daniel Mc- Donnell, p., O.P., Galway; J'elix McDowell, p., O.P., Dublin; 1711 (or thereabouts): James O'Hegarty, p., Derry Diocese; 1713: Dominic McEgan, p., O.P., Dubfin.

Uncertain Dates. — Forty Cistercians of Monasteme- nagh, Co. Limerick, may "be the monks mentioned at 1602, though the manner of death is stated differently; Daniel O'Hanan, 1., died in prison; Donagh O'Ken- nedy, Donagh Serenan, Fulgentius Jordan, Raymund O'Malley, John Tullis, and Thomas Deir, Augustin- ians, Cork, 1654; James Chevers, O.S.F., James Roche, O.S.F., John Mocleus (7 Mockler), O.S.F., John O'Loughlin, O.P., two Dominican fathers, Kilmallock. apparently the lay brothers Fitzgibbon and Fox, 1648; Michael Fitzsimon, 1.; Conn O'Kiennan, hanged, drawn, and quartered, 1615; Daniel O'Boyle, O.S.F.; Dermot MacCarrha (MacCarthy), p.; Donchus O'Fal- vey, p., perhaps the Daniel Falvey, friar, remanded at Kerry Lent Assizes, 1703; John MacConnan, p., pos- sibly the John Oonan (Conan) of Copinger, executed by martial law, Dublin, 1618, and the John Honan, O.S.F., 1617 (the correct date is 1618 — see above); John O'Grady, p.; Thomas Fleming, 1.; Lewis O'Lav- erty, p., hanged, drawn, and quartered, 1615.

O'Ueilly, Memorials of those who suffered for the Catholic Faith in Ireland (London. 1868); Murphy, Our Martyrs (Dub- lin, 1896); Irish Ecclesiastical Record, XIII (1903), 421; Mohan, Historical Sketch of the Persecutions suffered by the Catholics of Ireland under Cromwell and the Puritans (Dublin, 1884); Idem, History of the Catholic Archbishops of Dublin (Dublin, 1864); Spicilegium Ossoriense, I (Dublin, 1873), III (Dublin, 1884); RoTHE, Analccta Nova et Mira, ed. Moran (Dublin, 1884); O'SuLLEVAN Bearb, Palriciana Decas (Madrid, 1629); Brtjodin, Propuffnaculum CalholicoB Veritatis (Prague, 1669).

Charles McNeill. Irish Dames of Ypres. See Butler, Mary Joseph.

Irnerius (Garnerius), Italian jurist and founder of the School of Glossators, b. at Bologna about 1050; d. there about 1 1.30. Though he was one of the most famous jurists of the Middle Ages, very little is known concerning his life and works, and it is only during the last twenty years that he has received the attention which his influence on the history and development of medieval jurisprudence demands. He was probably little over twenty years of age when he already taught didactics anil rhetoric at Bologna. At the instance of Countess Matilda of Tuscany he began to devote himself to the study of jurisprudence, taking the Justinian code as a guide. Up to his time Ihc study of jurisprudence had been much nogleclcd in the empire, and he had to depend to a great extent on private studies, though it is probable that for a time he frequented a law school in Rome After teaching jurisprudence for a short while in Rome he returned to Hiiliigiia, where he founded a new school of jurisprudence in 1084. It appears that some juris- prudence had been taught at Bologna, before Irnerius founded his school, by a certain I'cpo and a few others; but the great impulse which juriilical studies received at Bologna at this time, and from there began to spread throughout Europe, was entirely due to the school of Irnerius. He introduced the custom of explaining the Roman law by means of glosses, which originally were meagre interlinear olucidations of the text. But since the glosses were often too exten- sive to be inserted between the lines of the text, he

began to write them on the margin of the page, thus being the first to introduce the marginal glosses which afterwards came into general use. After the death of Pope Paschal II, he defended the rights of Emperor Henry V in the papal election and upheld the legality of the election of the imperial antipope, Gregory VIII. Irnerius is the author of numerous juriilical works, but most of them have either been lost, or their genuineness is not sufficiently established. His chief work is "Summa Codicis", which is of a special his- torical value, because it is the first medieval system of Roman jurisprudence. It was recently edited with a critical introduction by Fitting, "Summa Codicis des Irnerius, mit einer Einleitung" (Berlin, 1894). An- other important work generally ascribed to Irnerius, is "Qua"Stiones lie juris subtilitatibus". It was also edited by Fitting, " Qua'.stiones de juris sulitilitatilnis des Irnerius, mit einer Einleitung" (Festschrift zum 200jahrigem Jubilaum der Universitat Ilalle-Witten- berg, 1894). The other juridical works and glosses that are ascribed to Irnerius are extant only in frag- ments, or their authorship is still too uncertain.

Besta, V opera d'Imerio, contributo alia storia del diritto Romano (2 vols., Turin, 1896); Fitting, Die Anfange der Rechtsschule zu Bologna (Berlin, 1888); Savigny, Geschichte des rbmischcn Rechtes in Mittelalter, IV (Heidelberg, 1834-51), 9-67, 447-70; Schupper, La scuola di Roma e la questione Irne- riana in .\tti accadem. Lincei (Rome, 1898), 3-168; Pescatore, Die Glossen des Irnerius (Greifsw.ald, 1890); Patetta, La Summa Codicis e le Quwstiones fnlsamente attribuite ad Irnerio (Turin, 1897); Die Summa Codicis und die Qucesiiones des Ir- nerius in Zeitschrift fiir Rechtsgeschichle, XVII (Rome, 1896), 1-96; Irnerio secondo la nuova critica storica in Rivista Storica Italiana, XI (Turin, 1894), 607-628.

Michael Ott.

Iroquois. — A noted confederacy of five, and after- wards six, cognate tribes of Iroquoian stock, and closely cognate languages, formerly occupying central New York, and claiming right of conquest over nearly all the trilies from Hudson Bay to Tennessee River, and westward to Lake Michigan and Illinois River. The name by which they are commonly known is a French derivative of disputed origin ami meaning, but may possibly come from the Algonquin Irinaklioiw (real snakes), snake being the term by which the Algonquin tribes denoted hostile tribes of alien stock. To the English they were known as the "Five", and after- ward the "Six Nations". They called themselves " Ongwanonsionni " (We of the extended house), or "Hodinonsyonni", frequently written and translated "Konoshioni" and " Hodenosanee " (People of the long house). The five original tribes, from east to west, were the " Ganienge-haga " (Flint place people), "Oneniote-aga " (Standing stone people), "(Dnonda- ge-ga" (Mountain place people), " Goioguen-aga " (Lo- custs-coming-out-place people), and "Tsonontowa- ga " (Big mountain people), known to the French as "Agnie-ronon", "Onneioute", "Onontague", "Goyo- gouen ", and " Tsonnontouan ", and to the English as Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. To these were aiided the cognate Tuscarora (Hemp gatherers) from North Carolina, after the war of 1711- 12. F:ieh tribe also had one or more figurative names used commonly in the confetlerate coimcil, the term "Long house " itself being a figurative designation for the confetlerac.y, of which the Mohawk were con- sidered to guard the eastern door, as the Seneca did the western, while the Onondaga watched the sacred council fire in the centre.

The numerous broken tribes "adopted" or taken under pro! eet ion were never accounted equal members of the confix leraey, and full political equality was granteil to the Tuscarora only after long years of probation as "infants", "boys", and "observers". t)ther tribes of Iroquoian stock were the Wyandot, or Huron; Tionontati, or Tobacco Nation; and the Neutral Nation of Ontario; the Erie .and Conestoga (Andastc, Susquehanna), in Ohio and I'ennsylvania; and the Nottoway, Tuscarora, and Cherokee, of Vir-