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IRISH

land in those thirty years was inappreciable, the ap- proximate figures of the native-born Irish Canadian population between 1871 and 1901 was 142,307 + 117,822=260,129. This shows that what the Irish element lost in Quebec and the Maritime Provinces during the period named, it gained in Ontario and the West. Owing to the strides which Canada is making in development, the census of 1911 will un- doubtedly show an increase in the Irish population far greater than that of 1901.

The Irish Catholics in Canada, who now number about three-quarters of a million, are fully organized both socially and religiously. They have their

Province

1871

1901

British Columbia

? ?

100,643

62!,851

559,442

? 123,478

?

?

20,658 47,418

New Brunswick

83,384 54,710

624,3.32

Prince Edward Island...

21,992 114,842

North- West Territories. . Unorganized Territory. .

18,797 2,588

846,414

988,721

churches, schools, convents, colleges, orphanages, etc., many of them imposing-looking institutions. They have their bishops, priests, and their teaching and charity orders of both sexes. They have their fraternal societies of all kinds. They have their writers and their ably edited newspapers. They are represented in every avenue of public life. In com- merce and the industries they are contributing their share to the wealth of the Canadian nation. Some of the most eminent members of the legal and medi- cal professions in Canaila, iluring the last fifty years, have been, and are still, Irish Catholics; several of them have been knighted for eminence in their re- spective callings. The Irish have had their governors of provinces, cabinet ministers, senators, members of both the Federal and Provincial Parliaments, and they are still well represented in the.se functions in the government of the countrj^. Thomas d'.\rcy McGee asserted forty years ago that, since 1792, Lower Canada was never without an Irishman in its legislative councils. This tradition is kept up not merely in old Quebec, but in the sister provinces and in the Federal Parliament at Ottawa. An Irish Catholic is (1910) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Deputy Governor-General of the Dominion.

Davin, The Irishman in Canada (London, 1877); 0'C.\lla- GHAN, Documentary History of the State of New York, X (Al- b:mv, 1858) ; O'Callaghan, The Irish Brigades in the Service of Fra'nee (New York. 1874); Maguibe, The Irish in America (London, 1877); Reports of the Canadian Archives (Ottawa, 1905) : MacMillan, The Early History of Prince Edward Island (Quebec. 1905); The Canada Year Book (Ottawa. 1908); Vie lie Madame d' Youvitle (Ville Marie, 1852) ; Ferland. Biographi- cal Notice of Joseph Octave Plessis, Bishop of Quebec {Quebec, 1864) ; TfcTD, Journal des visiles pastorales de Mgr Plessis (Que- bec. 1903): .\lexis, L'Enlise Catholique au Canada (Quebec. 1909); Uomce, History of the Calk. Church in Western Canada (Toronto. 1910); Laut. The Conquest of the Great Northwest (2 vols., Toronto, 1909). ^ j divine.

IV. In Great Britain. — England and Wales. — Mr. Joseph Cowen has called the Ireland of the sixth century "Christian Greece". Irish monks from lona repeated in England their work in .\lba. Irish soldiers helped Athelstan to victory in 937. Early in the eleventh centurv Irish merchants were trading with Bristol. There," in 1247, died O'Murray, Bishop of Kilmacduagh. In the same year Irish students resided at Oxford, where, said Newman, "there was from the earliest time even a street called 'Irishman's Street'". Later, a Bishop of Meath died at Oxford. A native of Dundalk, Fitz-Ilalph, was Chancellor of

Oxford in 1333. While the Gaelic-Irish followed the fortunes of Wallace and of Bruce, the Xorman-Irish fought for the Enghsh against Scotland, 1296-1314. Thence for 400 years the Irish helped England in her continental wars.

Up to the middle of the sixteenth century there was no Irish colony in Great Britain. Then Irish traders began to settle in London and Bristol. Leland, in 1545, wrote of Liverpool: "Irish marchants come much thither as to a good haven. . . . Good mar- chants at Lyrpole and moch Yrish yarn that Man- chester men do buy there". Irish music had also found favour in England. The Earl of Worcester, writ- ing, in 1602, to the Earl of Shrewsbury, said: "Irish tunes are this time most pleasing". Pistol's "CaU lino custore me" (Henry V, ,\ct IV, sc. 4) has been explained as Colleen oge astore (young girl, my treas- ure). From some dialect in the plays of this period, Kniglit thinks that the costermongers were largely Irish. Among the martyrs of Elizabeth's reign were some Irish-born. James I severely penalized in Ire- land his mother's religion. A Catholic landowner was prohibited from appointing a guardian for his heir, who, through the Court of Wanls, was brought up by Protestant noblemen. Early in liis reign there were 300 of such children in the Tower of London, and at the Lambeth schools. After the .-Vet of Settlement two-thirds of the fertile land passed into Protestant hands. In 1651 Hewson, Governor of Dublin, re- ported that, "in Dublin, which formerly swarmed with Papists, he knew there now but one, a surgeon and a sensible man ". Referring to 1699, Lord Clare (speech on the Union) declared: "So that the whole of your island has been confiscated, with the exception of the estates of five or six families." — "Such of the Roman Catholic gentry as had retained their estates were stripped of all political and many civic rights, and left virtually at the mercy of a Protestant enemy " (Bryce). To provide for the education of emigrating sons consequent upon this state of things, Irish col- leges were founded in several parts of the Continent. Thence they joined the armies and political life of the nations in which they were educated, some reaching high positions as officers and statesmen. Thus the idea of emigration was created.

In Charles I's reign ambassadors of foreign powers only were allowed in England to have Catholic chap- els. It was in this way that around the Sardinian Chapel in Lincoln's Inn Fields gathered the first con- siderable Irish colony in London. By 1666, the year of the great fire, a considerable importation of cattle from Ireland to England was going on. To relieve the distress in London a gift of 15,000 bullocks was sent over from Ireland. Ludovic Barry, the first Irish dramatist to write in English, Sir James Ware, the antiquarian, MacFirbis, the la.st of the Irish annal- ists, Denham, Roscommon, and Flecknoe, poets, Cherry, actor and poet, Artliur Murphy, lawyer, dram- atist, "and editor, and Barry, the painter, were Cath- olics among the many Irishmen, eminent in science, art, and literature, living in England during the eigh- teenth century. The comparative fewness of Cath- olics among the.se is explained by the fact that the penal laws made learning a crime. "The avowed pol- icy of the [English] Cabinet was to discourage the teaching of the Irish 'better orders' in Ireland. . . . ■They passed out of the country's ken and became aliens" (Bridges). The difficulty of recruiting suffi- cient men for the British .\rmy and Na\-y; the invest- ment abroad of money by Irish Catholics (it being illegal to invest it in Irish land), money which Protes- tant landowners could have profitably used, the suc- cess of the American War of Independence, and pos- sibly ideas of liberty and toleration caught from the French Revolution made for some relaxation of the penal code. The first Relief Bill came to England in 1778 when there were about 60,000 Catholics there, of