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 IRELAND

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IRELAND

and the two operatic composers, Michael Balfe and William \'incent Wallace, down to Bernard Sliaw, to show how deeply this branch of English Utera- ture is teholden to Irishmen. Now again a vigorous Anglo-Irish drama is in full swing, and the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, under the direction of Lady Greg- ory' and Mr. Yeats, where some forty-nine or fifty new plays by Irish writ-ers ha\'e recently been produced, has aroused a great deal of interest and is undoubtedly the most remarkable development of Irish literature at the present day.

In romance Ireland seems at present to fall far short of the palmy days of Carleton and Lever, Le Fanu and Lover, Banim and Gerald Griffin. Of romance proper, Standish O'Grady, to whose stimulating books dealing with Gaelic Ireland a host of younger men owe inspira- tion, is the leading representative. One of the best Irish novel-writers of the day is Canon Sheehan of Doneraile, who has struck a new note in literature by Ills brilliant and sympathetic descriptions of clerical life inside the Catholic Church. Other well-known and widely-read authors are Jane Barlow, Lady R. M. Gil- bert, Rev. James Hannay, Emily Lawless, the poet of the "Wild Geese", Katherine Tynan Hinkson, and Shan Bullock. Nor can we close this article without some allusion to the translators of and adapters from the Irish, of whom two stand out pre-eminently, Lady Gregory in prose and Dr. Sigerson in verse. The one has popularized the ancient Irish sagas, and the other, in his "Bards of the Gael and Gall", has given us in English verse a long vista of Irish poetry reaching back for some fourteen hundred years and lost in the dim twilight of bygone ages. Of memoirs and autobio- graphical works the most remarkable are Swift's "Journal to Stella", Wolfe Tone's "Diary", the " Memoirs of Joseph Holt", a leader of the Irish Rebel- lion of 179S, Carleton's " Autobiography " (1S96), Miles Byrne's " Memoirs " (he was another '98 man), and the remarkable series of letters, mostly unpublished, ■mit- ten by John O'Donovan on his olBcial investigations into Irish topography — perhaps one of the most exten- sive collections of official letters in the world.

General Literature. — O'Reilly, Irish Writers, ed. for the Ibemo-Celtic Society (Dublin, 1820); O'Cchrt, Lectures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish History (re-issue, Dublin, 1878); Idem, Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish, with in- troduction by W. K. Sullivan (3 vols., Dublin, 1873); Douglas Hyde, Story of early Gaelic Literature (London, 1895); Idem, .-1 Literary History of Ireland (London, 1899) ; 'Tourneur, Esquisse d'une histoire des etudes celtiques (Lifege, 1905); Dottin, La lit- iirature gaelique de I'Irlande; Meyer, Die irisch-galische Litera- tur in Kidtur der Gegenwart (Berlin and Leipzig, 1909); Joyce, Social History of Ancient Ireland (3 vols., London, 1903); Elea- nor Hull, .4 Text Book oflriih Literature (2 vols., Dublin, 1906- 08): O'Grady. Catalogue of Irish MSS. in the British Museum.

Ogham Alphabet. — Brash, The Ogham inscribed monuments of the Gaedhil in the British Islands (London, 1879); Ferguson, Ogham Inscriptions in Ireland, Wales, and Scotland (Edinburgh, 1887); M.acalister, Studies in Irish Epigraphy (3 vols., Lon- don, 1897-1907); John JIacNeill. The Irish Ogham Inscrip- tions in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (July, 1909); Hyde, Literary History of Ireland^ xi; Rhys, articles passim in the Proc. R. I. A. and elsewhere.

Early MSS. and Glosses. — Whitley Stokes .vnd Strachan, Thesaurus PalcEohibernicus (2 vols., Cambridge, 1901-1903); this contains the sum of all the glosses pubhshed previously by many different Celtologists.

Epic Liter-^ture. — D'Arbois db Jubain\'ille, Essai d^un catalogue de la litterature epique de I'Irlande (Paris, 1883); Idem, Le cycle mythologique irlandais, et la mythologie celtique (Paris, 1884); Ide.m, Cours de litterature celtique, especially vol. V, which contains translations of eleven pieces from the Ulster, three from the Leinster, and two from the mythologie cycles; WiNDiscH, Die altirische Heldensage Tain Bo Cualnye, Irish text with tr., notes, and glossary (Leipzig, 1905); Windisch and Stokes in Irische Texte (Leipzig. 1880-1909); Winifred Fara- day. The Cattle-raid of Cxialnge (Londoa, 1904); Eleanor Hull, The Cuchullin Saga (London. 1898); Whitley Stokes. The De- struction of Da Derga's Hostel (Paris. 1902); Idem. The Second Battle of Moytura in Revue Celtique, XII. 52; Thurnetsen. Sagen aus dem alien Irlarul (Berlin. 1901) (contains translations of fourteen sagas); Meyer. The Battle of Ventry in series Anec- dota Oioniensia (Oxford. 1SS5); Idem. Death Tales of the Ulster Heroes in Proc. R. I. .4 .. To-W Lecture Series (Dublin. 1906) ; Idem. The Stonj of Mac Datho' s Pig arul ll^und in .\necdotaOxoniensia, medieval and modern series, part VIII (O.xford. 1894), 51 ; Hen- derson, Bricrius Feast, edited for the Irish Texts Society (London, 1899): Patrick MacSweeny, The Martial Career of

vni.— 9

Conghal Cluiringhneach, edited for the Jr. Texts Soc. (London, 1902); O'Beirne Crowe, Tain Bo Fraich in Proc. R. I. A. (Dubhn. 1870); Idem. The Courtship of Bee Fola, ibid. : Lize- ray and O'Dwter. Livre des Invasions [i. ». Leabhar Uabhala] (Paris, 1884); Standish Hayes O'Grady, Silva Gadelica (2 vols., London, 1892), Irish text and translation of thirty-one pieces containing many Fenian stories; Edmund Hogan, The Battle of Rosnaree in Proc. R. I. A., Todd Lecture series (Dublin, 1892); Hennessy, The Intoxication of the Vltonians in Proc. R. I. A.. Todd Lecture series (Dublin. 1884). For other sagas, see Irische Tcile (Leipzig. 1884-90). the Revue Celtique, the ZeU- schrift fur celtische Philologic (Halle, 1896-1909). and Eriu (Dublin).

Fenian Poems and Ossianic S.^gas. — The Transactions of the Ossianic Society (6 vols., DubUn. 1854-1861); O'Cuhry, CathMhuigheLeana(t)uh]in, 1855); J. F.Campbell (of Islay), Leabhar na Ff'inne (London. 1872); McLaughl.an a.nd 6kene. Book of the Dean of Lismore (Edinburgh. 1862); Cameron, ReliquitB Cellica; (2 vols.. Inverness, 1892); John MacNeill, Duanaire Finn, ed. for the Irish Texts Society, VII (London. 1908).

Early Irish Beliefs. — See Meyer and David Nutt, The Voyage of Bran (2 vols., London. 1897).

Lives of Saints. — Whitley Stokes. Lives of Saints from the Book of Lismore (Oxford. 1890) ; Idem. Tripartite Life of St. Patrick (London. 1887); O'Grady. Silva Gadelica; Edmund HoG.\^. Latin Lives of the Saints as Aids towards the Transla- tion of I rish Texts in Proc.R.I.A., Todd Lecture series, \ (Dub- lin. 1894).

Seventh -Century .Saga. — O'Donovan. Battle of Magh Rath, edited for the Irish ArchcBological Society (Dublin. 1842).

Norse Invasions. — Todd. Wars of the Gaedhil u-ith the Gaill in Rolls Series (London. 1867); O'Donovan, Three Fragments of .Annals, edited for the Archaeological and Celtic Society (Dub- hn. 1860).

Twelfth-Century Burlesque. — Meyer, The Vision of Mac Conglinne (London. 1892).

Early Poetry. — Meyer. King and Hermit (London, 1901); Idem, Songs of Summer and Winter (London, 1903); Idem. Stories and Songs from Irish M.SS. in Otia Merseiana.

Irish Influence on the Continent. — Zimmer. Ueber die Bedeutung des irischen Elements fUr die mittelalterliche Cultur in PreussischeJahrbUcher (January, 1887).

Versions from Foreign Literature. — Meyer, Die irische Alexandersage in Irische Texte, II, ii; Idem, The Irish Odyssey (London, 1886); Calder. Ir. Vers, of VirgiVs ^neid, Irish Texts Society. VI; Whitley Stokes. Abridgement of the Book ofSer Marco Polo in Celt. Zeitsch.,1, 245; Idem. The Gaelic Maundcville, ibid., II, 1; Robinson, Two Fragments of an Irish Romance of the Holy Grail, ibid., IV, 381; Idem, Irish Life of Guy of Waruick, ibid., VI; Whitley Stokes, Destruction of Troy (Calcutta, 1882), which was also published in Irische Texte (Leipzis. 1884); Macalister. ,S(or!/o/(Ae Crop-eared Doff. and Story of Eagle Boy, two Arthurian ronuinces, edited for the Irish Texts Society, X (London. 1908); Whitley Stokes. Stair Fartibrais in Revue Celtique, XX; Idem, Cwil War of the Romans in Irische Texte (Leipzig. 1909). See also RevueCel- tique, XI, 391 ; XV, 79, for articles on this subject.

Annals and History. — Whitley Stokes, Annals of Tiger- nach in Revue Celtique, XVII; Hennessy and MacCarthy, The A nnals of Ulster in the Rolls Series (4 vols., Dublin, 1887-1901) ; Hennessy, Chronicon Scotorum (Dublin, 1866); O'Donovan, The Annah of the Kingdom of Ireland (i. e. of The Four Masters, q. v.); Denis Murphy, The Annals of Clonmacnoise, a seven- teenth-century English translation of a lost Irish original (Dub- lin, 1896); Idem, Life of Red Hugh O'Donnell written by LuG- haidh O'Cleirigh, Irish text and translation (Dublin. 1895); Alexander Bugge, Caifhreim Cellach^iin Caisill (Christiania, 1905); Best, Leabhar Oiris in Eriu, I, 74; Hennessy, Annals of Loch Ce in Rolls Series (2 vols., 1871).

Ancient L.aw. — See Ancient Laws of Ireland (i. e. the Bre- hon Laws, q. v.) in Rolls Series (6 vols., Dublin, 1865-1901); D'Arbois de Jcb.unville, Etudes sur le droit celtique (2 vols., Paris, 1895); O'Donovan, The Book of Rights, edited for the Celtic Society (Dublin, 1847); Meyer, Law of Adamnan (Ox- ford, 1905) ;0'Keeffe, Lam o/ .Sum/ay in Eriu, II. 189; Whit- ley Stokes, Thelrish Ordeals in Irische Texte, III, 183; see also Anecdota from IrishMSS. (3 vols.. Dublin, 1907-10), and Eriu (1904-10).

Influe.vce of Latin on Irish. — Vendryes, De Hibemicis Vocabulis quce a Latina lingua originem duxerunt (Paris, 1902).

Visions. — Whitley Stokes, The Vision of Adamnan (Simla. 1870). and in Revue Celtique, XII. p. 420; Windisch in Ir. Texte. I. 165-196: Meyer and Friedel. Vision de Tondale (Paris, 1907) ; Boswell. An Irish Precursor of Dante.

Religious Literature in Prose and Verse. — Thelrish Liber Hymnorum, ed. Atkinson and Bernard, for the Henry Brad- shaw Society, vols. XIII. XIV; Atkinson. The Passions and Homilies from the Leabhar Breac, text, translation, and glossarj'. in Proc. R. I. A., ToddLecture series, II (Dublin. 1887) ; Whitley Stokes. Saltair na Rann (Oxford. 1883); Idem, The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee (London. 1905); O'Donovan. Todd and Reeves. The Martyrology of Donegal (Dublin, 1864); Idem. The Martyrology of Gorman (London. 1895). edited for the Henry Bradshaw Society, vol. IX (1895); Atkinson. Three .Shafts of Death, R. I. Academy. MS. series, vol. II: O'Brien. Eochair-sgiath an Aifrinn (Dublin. 1900) ; Meyer, Colgu's scuap chrdbuid in Otia Merseiana. II (Liverpool). 92; Whitley Stokes. The Ever-new tongue in Eriu. II (Dublin); Meyer, Old Irish Treatise on the Psalter, Hibernica Minora (Oxford, 1894).

Old Irish Metric. — O'Mulloy, Grammatica Latino-Hiber'