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 lONOPOLIS

03

IOWA

substance, which was at once the matter out of which the world was made and the force hy which the world was formed. Thales said that this primitive sub- stance was water: Anaximander said that it was "the boundless" (t6 ireipov); Anaximenes said that it was air, or, atmospheric vapour (i^p). They agreed in teaching that in this primitive substance there is an inherent force, or vital power. Hence they are said to be Plylozoists and Dynamists. Hylo- zoism (q. v.) is the doctrine of animated matter, and Dynamism (q. v.) the doctrine that the original cos- mothetic force was not distinct from, but identical with, the matter out of which the universe was made. From the scanty materials that have come down to us — a few fragments of the writings of the early lonians, and allusions in Aristotle's writings — it is impossible to determine whether these first philoso- phers were Theists or Pantheists, although one may perhaps infer from their hylozoistic cosmology that they believed God to be at once the substance and the formative force in the universe.

II. Later lonians. — This group includes Heraclitus, Empedocles, and Anaxagoras, who lived in the fifth century B. c. These philosophers, like the early lonians, were deeply interested in the problem of the origin and nature of the universe. But, unlike their predecessors, they distinguished the primitive world- forming force from the primitive matter of which the world was made. In Heraclitus, however, and, to a certain degree, in Empedocles, this mechanism — the doctrine that force is distinct from matter — is expressed hesitatingly and in figurative language. Anaxagoras is the first Greek philosopher to assert definitely and unhesitatingly that the world was formed from a primitive substance by the operation of a force called Intellect. For this reason he is said by Aristotle to be "distinguished from the crowd of random talkers who preceded him" as the "first sober man" among the Greeks. Heraclitus was so impressed with the prevalence of change among physical things that he laid down the principle of panmetabolism: irinTa pet. "all things are in a con- stant flux". Empedocles has the distinction of hav- ing introduced into philosophy the doctrine of four elements, or four "roots", as he calls them, namely, fire, air, earth, and water, out of which the centripetal force of love and the centrifugal force of hatred made all things, and are even now making and unmaking all things. Anaxagoras, as has been said, introduced the doctrine of voOs, or Intellect. He is blamed, however, by Socrates and Plato for having neglected to make the most obvious application of that doc- trine to the interpretation of nature as it now is. Having postulated a world-forming Mind, he should, they pointed out, have proceeded to the principle of teleology, that the Mind presiding over natural processes does all things for the best. None of these early philosophers devoted attention to the problems of epistemology and ethics. Socrates was the first to conduct a systematic inquiry into the conditions of human knowledge and the principles of human con- duct.

Primary sources (fragments of the writings of these philoso- phers) and Aristotle's account of the lonians are to be foun<l in RiTTER AND Preller. Hisloria Philosophice GrtBcce, 8th ed. (Gotha, 1896); Fairbank.s, First Philosophers of Greece (New York, 1898). The best expositions of the doctrines of the lonians are in Zeli.er. Pre-Socralic Philosophy, I (London, 1881); and Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, 2nd ed. (London, 1908). Cf. Turner, History of Philosophy (Boston, 1903), pp.

38 and 53-64.

William Turner.

lonopolis, a titular see in the province of Paph- lagonia, suffragan of Oangres. The city was founded by a colony from Miletus already established at Smope, and at first took the name of Abonouteichos. There, in the second century a. d., was born the false prophet .Mexander, who caused the erection of a large

temple to Apollo, and thus secured rich revenues. The city was afterwards called lonopolis. Lequien (Oriens Christ., I, 555) mentions eight bishops be- tween 325 and .*<7S; it had others since then, for the see is mentioneil in the later " Notitia; episcopatuum". lonopolis, to-day called Ineboli, is a Black Sea port, numbering 9000 inhaljitants, 1650 of whom are Greek schismatics, and 230 Armenians; all the re- mainder are Turks. It is a caza of the sanjak and the vilayet of Castamouni, and enjoys a very healthy and pleasant climate.

CuiNET, La Turquie d'Asie, IV (Paris, 1894), 466-69.

S. Vailhe.

Iowa is one of the North Central States of the American Union, and is about midway between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. It lies between two great rivers, the Mississippi and the Missouri; the Mississippi form- ing its eastern boundary and sep- arating it from the States of Illi- nois and Wiscon- sin; the Missouri and its chief tribu- tary, the Big Sioux, forming its western boundary, and separating it from the States of Nebraska and South Dakota. It extends from 40° .36' to 43° 30' north latitude.

Seal op Iowa

In the south-east corner, in Lee County, the boun- dary projects below the parallel, following the channel of the Des Moines River down to its junction with the Mississippi. The state is 310 miles from east to west and 210 miles from north to south, and has an area of 56,025 square miles, or 35,855,900 acres, being nearly the same size as Wisconsin or Illinois.

Physical Characteristics. — The surface of the state is an undulating prairie, part of the Great Central Plain of North America. It rises gradually from the south-east corner, where the lowest point is but 444 feet above the sea-level, towards the north-west, to the Divide (an elevated plain beginning in Dickinson County in the north-western part of the state), where the highest point (1694 feet) is reached. The ridge then crosses the state from north to south, parallel with the western boundary and about 60 miles east of it, until it reaches Adair County, whence it sweeps eastwards to Appanoose County. That part of the state east of the Divide, comprising over two-thirds of its surface, is drained by rivers flowing in a south- easterly direction into the Mississippi and its tribu- taries. The principal rivers of this system are the Upper Iowa, Turkey, Maquoketa, Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Skunk, and Des Moines. Of these the Des Moines is by far the largest and most important, rising in Minnesota and flowing diagonally across the entire state. West of the Divide the rivers flow southwesterly into the Missouri and its tributaries, and, as the watershed is near the western boundary of the state, the rivers have shorter courses and a more rapid flow than those of the eastern system. The principal western rivers are the Big Sioux, Rock, Floyd, Little Sioux, Boyer, and Nishnabotna. The principal lakes of Iowa are Spirit Lake, which is the largest. Lake Okoboji, a popular summer resort, Clear Lake, and Storm Lake. These are small but beautiful sheets of water situated in the north-western part of the sttite which is an extension of the lake region of Minnesota. Along the largest rivers are valleys from one to ten miles in width, bordered by