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INDUCTION

have been a conspicuous illustration of the Catholic ideal of the dignity of woman. To Catholicism be- longs the credit, in Indo-China as in so many other countries, of having first inidertaken the education of the native women — a task with which it alone concerns itself even at the present day (1910).

The Brothers of the Christian Schools first appeared in Indo-China in 1867, but their numerous and flour- ishing schools were closed in lSSl-82 by order of the colonial administration, which has seklom shown a proper- appreciation of the great work of civilization performed by the missions. Since their recall in 1895 they have been taking an even more prominent part in the education of the natives, and now direct many prosperous schools.

The Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres and the Sisters of Providence also render important services to the missions. In addition to the military hospital at Saigon, the former have opened numerous orphanages and hospitals for lepers (e. g. at Hue) ; the latter have been entrusted with the principal schools of the missions in many districts, with the Orphanages of the Holy Childhood, and various native hospitals.

It is impossible to do adequate justice to the ser- vices which the Society of Foreign Missions, the Order of St. Dominic, and, in earlier days, the Society of Jesus have performed throughout the peninsula in the name of Christianity and civilization. The value of their services to the cause of religion may be judged from the present healthiness and vitality of the Church in Inilo-China, while, as the pioneers of civilization, they have laboured unaided for centuries to raise the lot of the natives, and are even to-day practically the sole civilizing agents throughout these vast territories. The widespread respect which the inhabitants feel for the Western races was won by the French missionaries, who, de- serted by their fellow-countrymen, remained to face torture and death with their flock, when every dictate of prudence seemed to urge them to take flight. Judg- ing France not by her breaches of faith in the past, nor by her unsympathetic administration (see Ajal- bert, op. cit. infra, passim), but by her noble sons, who sacrificed everything at the call of duty, the native Chri-stians have given a ready acquiescence to the French domination. To the missionaries we are primarily indebted for our present knowledge con- cerning the languages, history, and customs of the inhabitants. The ingenious system {quoc-gnu), Ijy which, with the aid of certain accents and signs, we can represent the Annamite sounds in our letters, we owe to the Jesuits. This system, which has spared both Annamite and Western the infinity of pains necessary to master the complicated Annamite ideo- graphic system, is at present taught in all the Chris- tian and government schools. The Society of Foreign Missions was the first to issue dictionaries of the various Indo-Chinese languages and dialects; it has regularly supplied interpreters to the French Govern- ment, and has laboured earnestly to foster among the natives a respect for French authority — services which few unbiased students of the history of Indo- China will declare have been yet repaid.

For a complete and scientifically compiled bitsliography see CoRDiER, Bibliotheca Sinica (Paris, 1904 — ), or Idem, Bibli- otheca Sinica: Essai d'une Bibliographie des ouvrages relatifs a la presqutle indo-chinoise in T'oung Poo Archifs pour servir a VHude,. . de I'A&ie Orientate (2nd series), IV (Leyden, 190.3 — ). Concerning the geography, hydrography, etc. of the peninsula, consult Reclus, Nouvelle Gf'ographie UniverseXle, VlII (Paris. 1S83); Pavie, Mission Pavie Indo-Chine, 1879-9S. Geographic et Voyages (Paris, 1899-1906): de Lanessan. La Colonisation francaise en Indo-Chine (Paris, 1895), which fur- thermore gives an excellent account of the state of the French possessions towards the close of the nineteenth century; Henri d'Orleans. Autour du Tonkin (Paris. 1894), tr. Pitman. Around Tonkin and Siam (London, 1894); Garnier, Voyage d[Exploration en Indo-Chine (2 vols., Paris, 1873). For native history, populations, etc., see Launay. Histoire de t'Annnm (Paris. 1SS4): Legrand de la Lyraie. Notes historiques sur la nation annamite (Paris, s. d.); Tboong-vinh-ky, Couts d'his-

toi're annami7e (Saigon, 1875): Les Annamitcs: religions, mceurs, coufumes (Paris. 1906), ed. Challamel: \'oyagede .^lam des Peres Jesuites (Paris, 1686): Ue.viusat, .\'ouveaux mtUingcs asiatiques (Paris. 1829) : Pallegoix. Description du liotiaunie ThaiouSiam (Ligny, 1854), a standard work for Siam: Ca.mpbell, Notes on the Antiquities etc. of Carnbodia in Journal of the Royal Geog. Soc, XXX (London. 1860). 182-98; Mouhut. Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China (2 vols., London, 18(54) ; Bastian, .4 visit to the Ruined Cities etc. of Cambodia in Journal of the Royal Geog. Soc, XXXV (London, 1865), 74-87; Del.\porte, Voyage en Cambodge: LWrchitecture Khmer (Paris, 1S80): Reinach. Le Laos (Paris, s. d.); .\ymonnier, Voyage au Laos (Paris, 1895); Idem, Le Cambodge (3 vols.. Paris. 1900-4); Lemire. Le Laos annamite (Paris, 1894): Tournier, Notice sur le Laos francais (Paris, 1900); For Annamite Law consult Fhjl.>^stre, Le Code annamite (2 vols.. Saigon, 1876). The following works may also be consulted, especially with reference to the French occupa- tion : DE Caillaud, Histoire de V intervention francaise au Tonkin (Paris, 1880): Barral, La Coloni.sation francaise au Tonkin et en Annam (Paris. 1899): de la BissArni-:i:E. Etat actueldu Tonkin, de la Cochinchine etc. (Paris, 1N12) ; .Monnier. Le Tour d' Asie: Coehinchine, Annam, Tonkin (Paris, 1S96): Bonhoure, L'lndo- Chine (Paris, 1900); Depui.s. Tong-kin et V Intervention francaise (Paris. 1.897) ; Lagrilliere-Beauclerc. A trovers Tlndo- Chine (Paris. 1900); Neton. L'Indo-Chine et son avenir econo- mique (Paris. 1903); \'erschnur, Aux Colonies dWsie et dans V Ocean Indien (Paris, 1900); Ajalbert, Les destinees de I' Indo- Chine (Paris, 1909) ; Madrolle. Indo-Chine (guide-book, Paris, 1902). Aluch valuable information — particularly on ethnography, native languages, religions, and customs — has not yet found its way into book form. For this consult the files of the Bulletin des Etudes Indo-Chinoises de Saigon (Sai- gon); Bulletin de VEcole Francaise de l' Extreme-Orient (Ha- noi); Revue internationnle de sociologie (Paris); Bulletin de la Societe normande de Geographic (Rouen): La Nouvdle Revue (Paris); Annuaire General de VIndo-Chine (Saigon). For com- merce: Indo-Chine Francaise, Rapport general sur les StaHs- tigues des Douanes (.\nnual. Hanoi); Bulletin economique de VIndo-Chine. Concerning the Catholic missions and their his- tory see Le Blant, Les martyrs de V Extreme-Orient et les perse- cutions antiques (Arras, 1877); Launay, Histoire generate de la Societe des Missions Etrangrres (3 vols., Paris, 1894): Idem, L'Indo-Chine francaise in Piolet, Les Missions catholiques fran^aises au XIX' sifcle, 11 (Paris, s. d.). 407 sqq.; Lesser- TEUR. Les premiers pretres indiytnes du Tonkin (Lyons, 1883); Fadre, Mgr Pigneaux de B'haine, ih'^-que dWdrnn (Saigon. 1897); LouvET. La Cochinchine religieuse (2 vols.. Paris. 1885); Depierre. Situation du eathoticisme en Cochinchine ii la fin du XIX' silcle (Saigon. 1900); Pallu, Histoire de I'cxpedition de Cochinchine (1861) (Paris, 1864); Documents diplomaliques: Affaires du Tonkin (ISU-gS) (Paris, 1883); Le.sserteur, Paul Bert et les missionaires au Tonkin (Paris. 1888); Les Annates de la Propagation de la Foi and Missiones Cathotiea^, passim.

Thomas Kennedy.

Induction, the conscious mental process by which we pass from the perception of particular phenomena (things and events) to the knowledge of general truths. The sense perception is expressed logically in the singular or particular judgment (symbolically: "This S is P", "Some S's are P", " If S isM it may be P"); the general truth, in the universal judgment (".Ml S is P", "S as such is P", "If S is M it is P").

I. Induction and Deduction. — Deductive reason- ing always starts from at least one universal premiss (see Deduction), bringing under the principle em- bodied therein all the applications of the latter; hence it is called synthetic reasoning. But of greater im- portance than this is the process by which, starting as we do from the individual, disconnected data of sense-experience, we attain to a certain knowledge of judgments that are necessarily true and therefore universally valid in reference to those data. Univer- sal judgments are of two classes. Some are seen in- tuitively to be necessarily true as soon as the mind has grasped the meaning of the ideas involved in them (called "analytic", "verbal", "explicative", "essential", "in materia necessaria", etc.), or are inferred deductively from .such judgments (as in the pure mathematical sciences, for example). Others are seen to be true only by and through experience (called "synthetic", "real", "ampliative", "acciden- tal", "in materia contingenti", etc.). We reach the former (e. g. "The whole is greater than its part") by merely abstracting the concepts ("whole", "greater", "part") from sense-experience, seeing immediately the necessary connexion between those abstract con- cepts and forthwith generalizing this relation. This process may be called induction in a wide and im- proper sense of the word, but it is with the second