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 GUBBIO

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GUBBIO

constructed almost entirely of wood, including even its doublc-belfried cathedral. As a consequence it lias been destroyed several times by fire (the latest recurrences of this were in 1896 and 1902). Steamers from three European and from one New York line visit this port. In 1907 there entered 209 vessels of 416,139 tons (205,412 tons British), while there cleared 208 vessels of 415,179 tons (204,452 tons British) (Statesman's Year-Book, 1909, 737). Guayaquil has a State national college (a branch institution of the University of Quito), a diocesan seminary for priests, a Dominican convent to which is attached a large church, a Franci-sean monastery (founded in 1864 by Fathers exiled from Colombia), which holds at present eight Fathers, an institute maintained by the Salesian Fathers of Don Bosco and known as "The Philan- thropic House ", with about fifty boarding pupils and over 600 scholars, etc.

The Bishopric of Guayaquil was established on 16 February, 1837, by the separation of this portion from the Diocese of Cuenca. It was first a suffragan of Lima, until 13 January, 1849, when it became a suf- fragan of Quito. The diocese comprises the province of Guayas (districts of Guayaquil, Yaguachi, Daule, and Santa IClena) and Los Rios (districts of Babahoyo, Baba, Vinces, Pueblo Viejo) and covers altogether 11,500 square miles; it numbers 130,900 souls, 40 parishes, 52 churches and chapels, 60 secular priests, and 20 memliers of the regular clergy, 1 seminary for the priesthood and 4 colleges for boys, besides 60 schools. Its first bishop was F. X. de Garaycoa (1838-51), who subsequently went to Quito as arch- bishop. The diocese then remained vacant through a period of ten years, at the end of which, in 1801, it was given another bishop, in the person of TomAs Aguirre (d. 1868). The latter was succeeded in 1869 by Jos6 Maria Lizarzabaru, S.J. (d. 1877), who took part in the Vatican Council and was followed, after another interregnum of seven years, by Roberto Maria del Pozo y Martin, S.J. (b. 28 August, 1836, at Ibarra, and made bishop, 13 November, 1884).

Wolf, Geogrnfla y Geologia dd Ecuador (Leipzig, 1892). 5,57 sqq. ; GoNz.ii.EZ Suarez, Historia eclesitisticadel Ecuador (QuiUi, l.SSl); Idem, Historia general del Ecuador (Quito, 1890-1903): KoLBERG, Nnch Ecuador (Ith ed., Freiburg im Br., 1897), 176 sq. ; Boletin cclesid'itico (Quito); Guayaquil artistico (Guaya- quil); Pedagogia y Letras (Guayaquil).

Gkegor Reinhold.

Gubbio, Diocese of (Eugubinensis), in the prov- ince of Perugia in Umbria (Central Italy). The city is situate on the slopes of Monte Ingino, watered by the rushing Camignano, and overlooks a fertile valley. In the neighbourhood are several ferruginous mineral springs. On pre-Roman coins this very ancient place is called Ikvvini or Ikvvins. The Gubbio Tables {Tabulce EiiguhincF) are famous. They are bronze slabs with seven inscriptions, two of which are in Latin, and five in the ancient Umbrian tongue. They were found in 1444 among the ruins of the temple of Jupiter Appeninus near Scheggia; in 1456 were ac- quired by tlie city of Gubbio, and inset in the walls of the Palazzo del Podesta. This find gave the first impetus to the study of the ancient Italian dialects. For the inscriptions see Fabretti, "Corpus Inscrip- tionum Italicarum antiquioris sevi" (Turin, 1857). The Romans called Gubbio "Iguvium", but as early as the fifth century b. c. the form " Eugubium " is met with. From the aforesaid taljles we learn that at that time the inhabitants of Eugubium were on bad terms with the neighbouring Tadinum. During the civil war (49 b. c.) Curio, one of CiEsar's generals, con- quered Gubbio. In the eighth century it became part of the Patrimony of St. Peter together with the duchy of Spoleto. From the twelfth to the fifteenth century it had a population of about 50,000, was organized as a municipality with a podesta and two consuls, and had within its jurisdiction Pergola, Costacciano,

Terra San Abbondio, Cantiano, and other LTmbrian villages. It was often at war with Perugia, and its victory in 1151 over Perugia and ten other towns is famous: St. Ubaldo, bishop of the city, directed the campaign. Gubbio favoured the Ghibelline party; however, in 1260 the Guelphs surprised the town, and drove out the Ghibellines, who returned again in 1300 under the leadership of Uguccione della Faggiuola, and Federigo di Montefeltro, whereupon Boniface VIII sent thither his nephew Napoleone Orsini who drove them out once more. Its distance from Rome favovired the growth of the Signoria, or hereditary lordship. The first lord of Gubbio was Bosone Raf- faeli (1316-1318) who entertained Dante; later the Gabrielli family were the Signori, or lords. Giovanni Gabrielli was expelled by Cardinal Albornoz (1354) and the town handetl over to a pontifical vicar. In 1381, however, the bishop, Gabriele Gabrielli, suc- ceeded in being appointed pontifical vicar. At his death, his brother Francesco wished to seize the reins of power, but the town rebelled. Francesco called to his aid Florence and the Malatesta, whereupon the city surrendered to the Duke of Urbino (1384), Antonio di Montefeltro, and remained subject to the duchy as long as it existed, save for a few short inter- vals (Ca!sar Borgia, 1500; Lorenzo de' Medici, 1516). During all this time, however, Gubbio retained its constitution, and the right to coin its own money. Among the famous citizens are: Bosone Raffaeli, poet and commentator on Dante; the poet Armannino; Caterina Gabrielli Contarini, a fifteenth-century poet^ ess; the historians Guarniero Berni and Griffolino; the lawyers Giacomo Benedetto and Antonio C'oncioli; the phy.sician Accoramboni; the botanist Quadramio; the archfeologist Ranghiasci; the painter Oderigi (whom Dante calls "I'onor d'Agobbio") with his dis- ciples Guido Palmerucci, Angioletto d'Agobbio, Mar- tino and Ottaviano Nelli; Federigo Brunori and the miniaturist Angelica Allegrini; also Mastro Giorgio (Giorgio Andreoli) who in the fifteenth century raised to high perfection the art of working in majolica.

Besides the ruins of the temple of Jupiter Appen- ninus, there has been found at Gubbio an ancient semicircular theatre. In the churches and in the municipal gallery are frescoes and carvings by many eminent masters, natives of the city and elsewhere. The cathedral has some artistically embroidered cin- quecento copes. The Palazzo dei CJonsoli joined to that of the Podesta (1332-1346) is a splendid specimen of Angiolo da Orvieto's work ; in the chapel are frescoes by Palmerucci. The ducal palace built by Federigo li, di Montefeltro (1474-1482) is a worthy monument to that accomplished prince's exquisite artistic sense.

The earliest known Bishop of Gubbio is Decentius, to whom Innocent I addressed (416) the well-known reply concerning liturgy and church discipline. St. Gregory the Great (590-604) entrusted to Bishop Gaudiosus of Gubbio the spiritual care of Tadinum, about a mile from the modern Gualdo, which had been long without a bishop of its own. Arsenius of Gubbio (855) together with Nicholas of Anagni opposed the election of Benedict III. Other bishops of Gubbio were St. Rodolfo, honoured for his sanc- tity by St. Peter Damian; St. Giovanni II of Lodi (li05), a monk of Fonte Avellana; St. Ubaldo (1160), in whose honour a church was built in 1197, which afterwards belonged to the Franciscans; Teobaldo, a monk of Fonte Avellana, against whom Emperor Frederick Barbarossa set up as antibishop one Bonatto ; St. Villano (1206) ; Fra Benvenuto (1278), papal legate to restore peace between Alfonso of Castile and Philip III of France. Cardinals Bembo and Mar- cello Cervino, afterwards Pope Marcellus II, were also bishops of Gubbio, likewise Alessandro Sperelli (1644), author of many learned works, who restored the cathe- dral. Gubbio was originally directly subject to the Holy See, but in 1563 became a suffragan of Urbino;