Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 7.djvu/802

 INDIA

730

INDIA

which must be made in order to liring the figures into relation with the Government census of India. Tiie following estimate of the Catholic population has been compiled from the "Madras Catholic Directory " for 1909, eked out in a few instances from other sources.

Catho-

Province, Diocese, etc.

Predominant Clergy

lic Popula- tion

Province of Agra: —

Archdiocese of Agra

Italian Capuchins

9422

Diocese of Allahabad

Italian Capuchins

7600

Diocese of Lahore

Belgian Capuchins

5700

Prefecture A. of Rajpu-

tana

French Capuchins

3S49

Prefecture A. of Bettiah

Tyrolese Capuchins

36.13

Prefecture A. of Kash-

mir

St. Joseph's, Mill Hill

5000

Province of Calctttta: —

Archdiocese of Calcutta

Belgian Jesuits

86.775

Diocese of Krishnagar

Foreign Missions of Milan

5535

Diocese of Dacca

Cong, of the Holy Cross

11.150

Prefecture A. of Assam

Soc. of Our Divine Saviour

2500

Province of Bombay: —

Archdiocese of Bombay

German Jesuita

19.979

Diocese of Poona

German Jesuits

15.487

Diocese of Trichinopoly

French Jesuits

245.255

Diocese of Mangalore

Italian Jesuits

93.028

Province of Madras: —

Archdiocese of Madras

Mill Hill and Seculars

49.290

Diocese of Hyderabad

Foreign Missions of Milan

14.752

Diocese of Vjzagapatam

Cong, of S. Francis of Sales

14.169

Diocese of Nagpur

Cong, of S. Francis of Sales

12,820

Province of Goa: —

Archdiocese of Goa

Secular Clergy

335,031

Diocese of DamSo

Secular Clergy

72.002

Diocese of Cochin

Secular Clergy

97.259

Diocese of S. Thom^ (My-

lapur)

Secular Clergy

74.665

Province of Pondicherry: —

Archdiocese of Pondi-

cherry

Foreign Missions of Paris

143.125

Diocese of Mysore

Foreign Missions of Paris

46.708

Diocese of Coimbatore

Foreign Missions of Paris

3S.731

Diocese of Kumbakonam

Foreign Missions of Paris

8S.054

Diocese of Malacca

Foreign Missions of Paris

26.000

Province of Verapoly: —

Archdiocese of Verapoly

Spanish Carmelites

71.142

Diocese of Quilon

Belgian Carmelites

116.090

Vicariate A. of Eraakulam

Secular Priests

93.011

Vicariate A. of Trichur

Secular Priests

91,998

Vicariate A. of Changa-

nacherry

Secular Priests

140.272

Province of Ceylon: —

Archdiocese of Colombo

Oblates of Mary Immacu-

late

205.521

Diocese of Jaffna

Oblates of Mary Immacu-

late

45.500

Diocese of Kandy

Benedictines

27,938

Diocese of Galle

French Jesuits

10.160

Diocese of Trincomalee

Belgian Jesuits

8753

The Vicariates of Burma: —

North Burma

Foreign Missions of Paris

7717

South Burma

Foreign Missions of Paris

4S.525

East Burma

Foreign Missions of Milan

13,000

Totalfor the whole group, 2,407,146

The following notes will elucidate the table: — (1) Province of Goa. — In the Archdiocese of Goa 299,628 belong to Portuguese territory and 3.5,40.3 to British territory. In the Diocese of Damao 2,21.3 belong to Portuguese territory and G9,7.S9 to British territory. Out of these latter, 20,419 are Goanese living in Bombay island, vmder the personal and not territorial jurisdiction of Damao. The suffragan sees of Cochin and Mylapur are entirely in British territory. The more remote suffragan sees in Africa and the Far East are omitted from the list. (2) Prov- ince of Pondicherry. — In the Archdiocese of Pondi- cherry 25,859 belong to French territory and 117,266 to British territory. The suffragan sees are all in British India except Malacca, which is altogether outside India. (3) Province of Verapoly. — The three Vicariates of Ernakulam.Changanacherry, and Trichur consist of Catholics of the Syrian Rite, with a total of

325,281 (Thomas Christians). By subtracting the figures for French India, Portuguese India, Malacca, and Ceylon, and separating off the Syrian vicariates, the total results for the Indian Empire (including Burma) for the year 1908 are as follows: — Latin Cath- olics 1,439,066; Syrian Catholics 325,281. A com- parison with the census of 1901 reveals an increa.se of 190,32.5 Latin Cathohcs, and 2695 Syrian Catholics— which is probably a fair estimate of progress during the last eight years. As far as older statistics can be obtained for purposes of comparison, the total number of Catholics m British India (not including Burma or Ceylon) in 1857 was 801,8.58. In 1.S85 they had risen to 1,030,100, and in 1905 to 1,582,1,86.

Double Jurisdiction .^One of the peculiarities of ecclesiastical India, though not unknown in other parts of the Church, is the existence in certain places of what is popularly known as a 'double jurisdiction." The historical explanation lies in the fact that when the jurisdiction conflict was brought to a close in 1S86, the Padroado sphere of influence was not restricted to Portuguese territory, but allowed to remain in many parts of British India where the Padroado clergy were m actual possession. In the first place the See of Goa was allowed to retain a consideraljlc part of the coast country north and south of Goa; while the two ancient Sees of Cochin and Mylapur and the newly erected See of Damao were all three totally in British territory. But it happened that in the case of Mylapur there existed certain widely scattered and isolated parishes which were actually under Portuguese clerical administration, and these were retained as exempted churches in the midst of Propa- ganda territory. Thus to the Bishop of Mylapur belong no fewer than fifteen separate churches scat- tered over the Diocese of Trichinopoly, with others in Madras, Calcutta, and Dacca giving a total number of twenty-eight. In the I.sland of Salsette, near Bom- bay, which was made over to the Diocese of Damao, six churches remained attached to the Propaganda jurisdiction of Bombay. In some of these places both jurisdictions exist side by side, the one holding terri- torial sway, the other possessing exemption. In Bombay a more special arrangement was made — the archbishop under Propaganda enjoying territorial jurisdiction, while the Bishop of Damao holds personal jurisdiction over those who are Goanese by birth or otherwise connected with Padroado rule; and a certain complicated code exists for determining the jurisdiction to which individuals belong (see under Goa; Bomb.\y; Damao; St. Thomas ok Mylapur). In the .\rchdiocese of Verapoly (Malabar Coast) another form of double jurisdiction exists, this time based on a difference of rite. There the Latins are under the Archbishop of Verapoly, while the Syrian Christians (Syrians not by race but by liturgj- only) in the same territorial limits are assigned to three vicars Apostolic of the same rite.

The Catholic Clergy. — Under the Portuguese regime, the first missionary work was done by the rehgious orders. In course of time a large body of native secular clergy came into existence, some of whom strongly developed the apostolic spirit; but in general their work was to take charge of the parishes and mission-stations which had already been founded by the missionary orders. On the expulsion of the religious orders from Portuguese territory in 1834, the whole care of the faithful devolved on the secular clergy, who at present work in the Dioceses of Goa, Cochin, Mylapur, and Damao — a few being European Portuguese, and the rest natives of India. Of recent years a few Jesuits have been introduced in the parts which lie outside Portuguese territory.

Similarly the vicariates Apostolic were initiated and continued to be worked by European mission- aries of different orders and nationalities, assisted by such secular native or other priests as they were able