Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 7.djvu/733

 ILLUMINATION

663

ILLYRIA

Rev. Frang.", 3rd ed., 1905; Lavisse-Rambaud, "Hist, generale", VIII, 1896), they are extremely improbable. On the other hand, once it had dis- carded, after 17S6, the peculiarities of Weishaupt, " Illuminationism" was simply the carrying out of the principles of " enlightenment"; in other words, it was Freemasonry and practical Liberalism adapted to the requirements of the age; as such it exerted an important influence on the intellectual and social development of the nineteenth century. (See Masonry; Societies, Secret.)

The documents, unquestionably genuine, that originated within the order and were published by the Bavarian govern- ment: Einige Originalschr. des 111, Ordens (confiscated from Zwack) (Munich, 1787); with Nachtrag (seized from Baron Bassus) (in 2 parts, 1787): also documents made pubUc through other agencies and recognized as genuine by Knigge and Weis- haupt: Der echte Illuminat (Edessa, 1788); Illuminatus dirigens Oder schotlischer Ritter (1794): Sparta cus and Philo (Knigge), Die neue-sten Arbeiten (1794) ; Philo, Endliche Erkltirung (1788).

Declarations by members who left the order: Cosandet, Renner, and Grunberger, Drei jiterkwurdige A ussagen ill SG); Idem (with Utzschneider), Grosse Absichten des III. Ordens, with three appendices (1786).

In defence of the order: Weishaupt, Apologie der lUuminaten ( Frankfort and Leipzig, 1787) : Idem, Vollstdndige Gesch. d. Ver- fotgung der Illuminaten in Bayern (Frankfort and Leipzig. 1786); Idem, Nachtrag zur Rechtfertigung (1787); Idem, Pytha- goras, Oder Belrachtungert iiher die geheime Welt- und Regierungs- kunst (1790).

Against the order or otherwise concerning it: Stattler (Weishaupt's colleague at Ingolstadt), Z)as Geheimniss der Bos- heit des Stiflers des III. Ordens (1787); Preston, Illustrations of Freemasonry (1856); Mounier, De Vinfluence attribuee aux Philosophes. aux Fra?ic-ma^ons et aux Illumines sur la revolution Frorifaise (1822): Jarcke, Vermischte Schriften, 11 (1839); Des- champs-Janet, La societe et les socieles, II (3rd ed.. 1880), 93 sqq., 115 sqq.; Ill (1883). 34 sqq.; Wolfram. Die Illuminaten in Bayern u. ihre Verfolgung (1899-1900); Engel, Gesch. des III. Ordens (1906) (rich in documents, but favourable to Weis- haupt); Hist-polil. Blatter (1889), I, 926-41 (official list of lUu- minati).

Herii. Grubbr. Illumination. See Manuscripts.

lUyria, a district of the Balkan Peninsula, which has varied in extent at different periods. To the Greek geographers Illyria (17 'IWvptsor Tb'lWvpiKov) connoted the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea and the adjoining mountainous territory stretching into the interior, all of which was the abode of Illyrian tribes. One section of the Illyrian people had migrated to Italy, first to central Italy, where there are traces of them in Picenum and Umbria; later, towards the middle of the eighth century B. c, the Japyges crossed to Apulia and Calabria: and, at the beginning of the seventh century b. c, the Veneti to northern Italy and what is now Carinthia. Even the Illyrians who remained behind never achieved national unity. The kingdom of Banlylis and his son Kleitos, who settled in Macedonia, rose to some importance in the fourth century b. c, until they were subdued by King Philip in 357 B. c. and Alexander the Great in 335 a. c. About 250 B. c. the tribes known as the Ardriaii and Antariates, under the princes Pleuratos and Agron, terrorized the sea with their fleets and preyed on the Greek colonies on the eastern coast of the Adriatic and the neighbouring islands (Pharos, Corfu, etc.). Rome when called on by Issa, one of these Greek cities, took a hand in Illyrian affairs for the first time, and put an end to this peril. When Genthius, the Illyrian king, took sides with Perseus during the last stand of the Macedonians against Rome (171-168 B. c), he was banished by the Romans, his kingdom left to disintegrate, and later converted into a Roman province (.59 b. c). Part of the remaining Illyrian tribes submitted voluntarily, and the rest were brought under the Roman yoke by Augustus (23 b. c). From the time of Augustus the name Illyria was applied not only to the present Province of Illyria, since 11 b. c. a province of the empire and called Dalmatia (em- bracing the Dalmatia of to-day, Montenegro, the western part of Croatia, and the northern part of Albania), but was made to include the districts of Rhaetia, Noricum, Pannonia, Mcesia, and Macedonia.

At the time of the division of provinces under Had- rian, it was subtlivided into seventeen provinces, comprising also Thrace. When Constantine the Great ui A. d. 324 divided the entire Roman Empire into four prefectures, lUyricum, as one prefecture, was assigned to Western Rome, the residence of the priBtorian prefect being Sirraium. On the accession of Theodosius I (379), the prefecture was divided into Eastern and Western Illyricum, the former embracing the two civil dioceses of Macedonia, including Epirus, Thessaly, and Greece, and Dacia, under the jurisdic- tion of a praetorian prefect residing at Thessalonica (Saloniki). Western Illyricum was placed as a civil diocese under the authority of a vicar of the prefect of Italy residing at Sirmium. In 379, or more prob- ably, not until 395, Eastern Illyricum became a part of the Eastern Empire (cf. Rauschen, "Jahrbiicher der christlichen Kirche unter dem Kaiser Theodosius dem Grossen", Freiburg, 1897, 469-73).

Ecclesiastically, the whole of IlljTicum, which had first received Christianity from St. Paul the Apostle, and Titus, his disciple, was from the first under the Bishop of Rome, as the Patriarch of the West, and, after the division of the empire, formed the eastern part of the territory subject to the pope, as Patriarch of Rome, although politically a part of Byzantium. As the patriarchs of Constantinople endeavourec-l to extend their patriarchal authority over Eastern Illyricum, the popes sought to preserve intact their jurisdiction over the eastern part of Illyria by appoint- ing the bishops of Thessalonica papal vicars for Illyricum. The first of these vicars is said to have been Bishop Acholius or Ascholius, (d. 383 or 384), the friend of St. Basil. His successor, Anysius, was confirmed by Pope Damasus and his successor, Pope Siricius, as representative of the Roman See. In like manner, the succeeding popes, Anastasius I and Inno- cent I, extended the powers of the bishops of Thessa- lonica over Illyria. The authority vested in the bishops of Thessalonica over the metropolitans and other prelates of Illyria was substantially that usually enjoyed by a patriarch, except that patriarchal power is ordinary and attached to a definite see, while the jurisdiction of the vicars of Thessalonica was dele- gated; they exercised the patriarchal authority be- longing to the pope, as his special commissary. The papal Vicariate of Thessalonica persisted for a century with practically no interruption until the connexion was weakened by the first Greek schism, brought about by Acacius, Patriarch of Constantinople (471- 89), and Petrus Mongus of Alexandria over the " Heno- ticon". The bishops of Illyria withdrew from com- munion with Rome, without attaching themselves to Constantinople, and remained for a time indepen- dent. Not until Dorothea, Bishop of Thessalonica, declared for the intruded patriarch, Timotheus, did forty Illyrian bishops renounce allegiance to him (515) and proclaim to Pope Hormisdas their loyalty to Rome.

After the suppression of the Acacian Schism, the vicarship of the bishops of Thessalonica does not seem to have been immediately restored, owing to the pol- icy of the Byzantine emperors, Zeno and Anastasius; still they enjoyed a certain precedence over the other Illyrian bishops. When, in 541, Justinian I, to in- crease the prestige of his native city Scupi (the present Skoplje or Uskup), raised the bishop of that city to the rank of Archbishop of Justiniana Prima, and placed him over the ecclesiastical provinces of the civil diocese of Dacia, the vicarship was restored without consulting Pope Agapetus, but was divided between the Metropolitan of Thessalonica, for the provinces in which Latin was spoken, and the Metro- politan of Justiniana Prima, for those in which Greek was the native tongue. Pope Vigilius (c. 545) was the first to give his approbation to this arrangement The title of papal vicar was henceforth almost an