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 ILLINOIS

660

ILLINOIS

There may be a conveyance of any lot of land not exceeding five acres to a county for the interment of the dead, for the use of any society, association, or neighbourhood, and such will thereafter be exempted from taxes. There are laws in Illinois governing the sale or lease of land for cemetery purposes; the sale of land not suitable for cemetery purposes; the removal of cemeteries; fixing penalties for destroying, mutil- ating, or injuring any tomb or other property, or com- mitting a breach of the peace; the enforcement of police protection; the making of gifts in trust for purposes of repairs, improvements, and ornamenta- tion; the investment of trust funds; the exempting of trust funds from taxation; the organization of county cemetery boards and providing for burial of indigent soldiers and sailors. The laws governing cemeteries impose no additional burden on ceme- teries owned by Catholic institutions.

Wallace, History of Illinois and Louisiana under the French Rule {Cincinnati, 1S93); Breese, Early History of Illinois (Ciiicago, 1884); Caton. Miscellanies (Boston, 1880); Roose- velt, The Winning of the West (New York. London, 1896); MoBES. Chapters from Illinois History (Chicago, 1901); PRlTt'H- ARD, Illinois of To-day (Chicago. 1897); .McSEs. Illinois — His- toriral and Statistical, I and II (Chicago, 1889-92); Publications of the Illinois Historical Library (Illinois Historical Library, Springfield, 111.); O'Neill's Catholic Directory of Illinois ((^'hicago. 1906-07); Bureau of Statistics, Tie Chirnqo City Manual (Ciiicago, 1908); Parrish. Historic lllmm.i (CliicuKo. 1906); Rose. Blue Book of Illinois, 1907 (S].ririEficl.l, III,. 1908); M\THER, The Making of Illinois (.Chicago, I'MO). Shea. History of the Catholic Church (1890-2); The Illinois Glacial Lobe (U. S. Survey Monographs); Worthen'.s Geological Sur- vey of Illinois, I (9" vols., Chicago. 1876); The Fergus Historical Series (.34 vols., Chicago); Barry. The First Irish in Illinois (Chicago, 1902): Documents and Manuscripts of Illinois — ^Chi- cago Historical Society: Histories of the counties of Illinois hy dinerent authors; Burnett. Notes on the Early Sctllemenis of the Xorthwest Territory (1847): The Statutes of Illinois, anno- tated by Starr and Curtis (Chicago): WcGovern, Souvenir of the silver Jubilee of Archbishop Feehan (Lockport. HI., 1890) ; Idem. Life of Bishop McMullen (Chicago, 1888); Matson, Pioneers of Illinois (Chicago, 1882): Larmer, Lives of Early Catholic Missionaries of the Nineteenth Century in Illinois (Chicago, 1898): Illinois Historical Collections, ed. and ann. by Beckwith (Springfield. 111.. 1903); Blanchard. History of Illinois (Chicago, 188;i): Washburn, Sketch of Edward Coles (Chicago, 1882): The Edwards Papers, ed. Wahhburn (Chicago, 1882); Caton, Early Bench and Bar of Illinois (Chicago, 1893): Ford, History of Illinois (1818 to 1847) (New York, Chicago, 18.54): Anthony, The Constitutional History of Illinois (Chicago, I89I): Brown, The History of Illinois (New York. 1844): Reynolds. The Pioneer History of Illinois (Belleville, 111., 18.'j2): Edwards, History of Illinois and Life of Ninian W. Edwards (Springfield, 111.. 1870); Luck, Politics and Politicians of Illinois (Springfield, 111., 1884): Davidson and Stuve, His- tory of Illinois (1673-1873) (Springfield, 111.. 1874-89): Palmer, The Bench and Bar of Illinois (Chicago, 1899); Mason, Illinois in the iHth Century (Chicago, 1902); CJillespie, Recollections of Early Illinois (Chicago): Patterson. Early Society in Southern Illinois (Chicago); Mason, Lists of Early Illinois Citizens.

Hugh O'Neill.

Illinois Indians (Illinois, through the French, from Illini-wek, i. e., men: the name used by them- selves), an important confederacy of Algonquian tribes formerly occupying the greater part of the present state of Illinois, together with the adjacent portion of Wisconsin. Iowa, and Missouri. Their lan- guage, which was perhaps the softest of all the Algon- quian tongues, differed only dialectically from that of tne Miami, their eastern neighbours and usual allies. They probably numbered originally from 8000 to 1 0,000 souls, in five principal sub-tribes, the Cahokia, Kaskas- kia, Michigamea, Peoria, and Tamaroa. Physically t he early Illinois are described as tall, robust and well- featured, but lacking in courage and steadiness of pur- pose, and greatly given to licentiousness. The priests and conjurors seem to have been even more influential among them than in other tribes. They were rather hunters than farmers and seldom kept their villages long in one place. Their houses were long communal cabins, with four to five fires ranged along the central passage, each fire accommodating two families. The great village of the combined tribes in 1G92 was esti- mated by Father Rasle to contain :«)0 such cabins, while other explorers of about the same period re- ported as high as 400. Polygamy was common, a

man sometimes marrying several sisters of the same family, and they appear to have had the clan system. Among their great ceremonies was the noted Calumet dance, the special aversion of the missionaries, which spread from the Illinois to all the tribes of the central region. Their dead were generally disposed of by being wrapped in skins and fastened upright to trees. They carried on a defensive war against most of the surrounding tribes, as well as against the invatling Iro- quois, but were uniformly friendly toward the French and the English.

So far as known the first W'hite man to make the acquaintance of the Illinois was the Jesuit pioneer. Father Claude .Mlouez, who met them as visitors at his mission at La Pointe (Bayfield, Wis.) in lOGT, ami again at the Mascoutens village in southern Wisconsin three years later. In 1673 Marquette, on his voyage of discovery down the Mississippi, was welcomed by them about the mouth of the Des Moines in Iowa, and on his return passed through their villages on the Illi- nois, preaching as he went. lie had already made a study of the language, at La Pointe, in anticipation of establishing a mission, as they now requested. Per- mission being given, he set up his altar, dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, among the Kaskaskia in April, 1675, but died a month later while on his way to Mackinaw. The work was taken up by Allouez, but again discontinued owing to the Iroquois inroads and the opposition of La Salle, who brought in three Recol- lect missionaries — Fathers La Hibourde, Membrf'', and Hennepin. They found little encouragement, how- ever, and Father La Ribourde lieing slain by a roving war party, the Recollect attempt was abandoned. In 1684 Allouez returned and resumed work among the Peoria gathered at the French fort at the head of Peoria Lake (Rockfort, 111.). He was followed by Gravier (16S7), Ra.sles (1692), and again by Cravier (1693), to whom we owe the first grammar and dic- tionary of the language. Father (iravier diefl in 1706 from a wound received in an encounter with a heathen mob. A second mission was founded about 1700 among the Tamaroa, near the French post of Cahokia, nearly opposite St. Louis, and another about the .same time among the Kaskaskia. Twice a ye:tr, for a few- weeks in summer and for a longer period in winter, all the bands left their villages for the bulTalo hvmt and were followed by the missionaries, \\lien visited by Charlevoix in 1721 the missions were jointly under the care of Jesuits and priests of the Seminary of Foreign Missions. The Peoria were still almost all pagan, as were portions of the other tribes, but the majority were now Christian, and intermarriage with the French settlers had become common. About tliis time several of the nation, including the chief, Chicago, visited France and were much impressed by what they saw. In spite of their receptive teinpcniniciit the Illinois were fickle, and intemperance introduced by the French garrisons did much to nidlify the work of the missionaries and demoralize the tribes. As allies of the French against the hostile Chicka.saw^ and Natchez of the lower Mississippi, they suffered heavily. In 1730 a detachment accompanieil the ill-fated expedi- tion of d'Artaguettes against the Chickasaw, and among the prisoners w'ho suffered a horrible death at the stake was the devoted Jesuit missionary, Senat. By this time invasion by the northern trilies and wholesale dissipation at home were rapidly thinning the number of the Illinois, and in 17.">0 they had been reduced to about 1000 souls with apparently but one mission. The priests of the Foreign Missions were now devoting themselves entirely to the French. On the transfer of Louisiana to Spain in 1763 the Jes- uit missions, including those of the Illinois country, were suppressed and confiscated, although the mis- sionaries generally remained as secular priests. The murder of the celebrated chief Pontiac, by a Kas- kaskia Indian bribed by an English trader, brought