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 I6LESIAS

639

IGNATIUS

tury. After its decline the bishop took up his residence at the village of Tratalias; in 1503 the see was reunited with that of Cagliari. In 1763 the see was re-estab- lished, and Giovanni Ignazio Gautier appointed bishop. The cathedral was erected by the Pisans in 1285, but has been restored in later times. Iglesias has 24 parishes with 73,000 souls, 1 school for boys, and 1 for girls.

Cappelletti, Le chiese d'ltalia, XIII (Venice, 1857), 83, 91-3.

U. Benigni.

Iglesias de la Casa, Josk, a Spanish poet of the co- terie gathered about Melendez Vald<^'S, b. at Salamanca, 31 October, 174S; d. prematurely at his native place in 1791. He pursued his studies at the famous Uni- versity of Salamanca, and in 17S3 took Holy orders at Madrid. During his lifetime he published only two rather mediocre poems, "La niiiez Laureada" (dealing with an infant prodigy, who at the age of hardly four years underwent a university examination), and "La Teologfa". Before producing these he had composed his really important poems, which are chiefly satirical and epigrammatical in their nature. In fact, as a satirist he is to be ranked only lower than the great Quevedo. Certain portions of his satirical lyrics proved offensive to the authorities, and the 179S edi- tion of them was put on the Index by the Inquisition. The necessity of this action was denied by some of his warm friends. Among the better-known editions of his works are those of Barcelona (1820 and 1837), of Paris (1821), and of Madrid (1841). They are most readily accessible in the "Biblioteca de autores Es- paiioles", vol. LXI, which contains about 38 letrillas — in the composition of which he excelled — besides a number of satires, epigrams, odes, anacreontics, ec- logues, etc. Not long since, some of his unedited poems were published by R. Foulche-Delbosc, in the "Revue Hispanique", vol. II.

J. D. M. Ford.

Ignacio de Azevedo, Ble.ssed, b.at Oporto, Portu- gal, 1528; d. near Palma, one of the Canary Islands, 15 July, 1570. He entered the Society of Jesus at Coimbra, 28 December, 1548, and became succes- sively rector of the Jesuit college at Lisbon, provincial of Portugal, and rector at Broja. St. Francis Borgia, soon after his election as superior general of the Society , appointed Ignacio visitor of the missions of Brazil. After three years of arduous labour in that country he returned to Rome, but asked to be sent back as mis- sionary to Brazil. With thirty-nine companions he started on his voyage, but was seized antl martyred by Huguenot pirates near the island of Palma. The forty martyrs were beatified on 1 1 May, 1854.

Beauvais, Vie du Bienheureux Ignace d'Azevedo (Brussels, 1854).

Leo A. Kelly.

Ignatius Loyola, Saint, youngest son of Don Beltrd,n Yanez de Onez y Loyola and Marina Saenz de Licona y Balda (the name Lopez de Recalde, though accepted by the BoUandist Father Pien, is a copyist's blunder), b. in 1491 at the castle of Loyola above Azpeitia in Guipuscoa; d. at Rome, 31 July, 1556. The family arms are: per pale, or, seven bends gules (? vert) for Onez; argent, pot and chain sable be- tween two grey wolves rampant, for Loyola. The saint was baptized liiigo, after St. Enecus (Innicus), Abbot of Oiia: the name Ignatius was assumed in later years, while he was residing in Rome. For the saint's genealogy, see P^rez (op. cit. below, 131); Michel (op. cit. below, II, 383); Polanco (Chronicon, I, 516-46). For the date of birth cfr. Astr.'iin, I, 3-8.

I. Conversion, 1491-1521. — At an early age he was made a cleric. We do not know when, or why he was released from clerical obligations. He was brought up in the household of Juan Veldsquez de

la.NATius Loyola

Cuellar, contador mayor to Ferdinand and Isabella, and in his suite probably attended the royal court from time to time, though not in the royal service. This was perhaps the time of his greatest dissipation and laxity. He was affected and extravagant about his hair and dress, consumed with the desire of winning glory, and would seem to have been sometimes in- volved in those darker intrigues, for which handsome young courtiers too often think themselves licensed. How far he went on the downward course is still unproved. The balance of evidence tends to show that his own subsequent humble confessions of having been a great sinner should not be treated as pious exaggerations. But we have no details, not even definite charges. In 1517 a change for the better seems to have taken place; Veldsquez died and Igna- tius took service in the army. The turning-point of his life came in 1521. While the French were be- sieging the citadel of Pampeluna, a cannon ball, pass- ing between Igna- tius's legs, tore open the left calf, and broke the right shin (Whit-Tues- dav,20May,1521). With his fall the garrison lost heart and surrendered, but he was well treated by the French and carried " Ignat[ius] yociet[atis) Jesu Fundat[or) " on a litter to Loy- Contemporaneous medal in Royal

1, u- I Numismatic Cabinet, Berlin

ola, where his leg

had to be rebroken and reset, and afterwards a pro- truding end of the bone was sawn off, and the limb, having been shortened by clumsy setting, was stretched out by weights. All these pains were undergone voluntarily, without uttering a cry or submitting to be bound. But the pain and weak- ness which followed were so great that the patient began to fail and sink. On the eve of Sts. Peter and Paul, however, a turn for the better took place, and he soon threw off his fever.

So far Ignatius had shown none but the ordinary virtues of the Spanish officer. His dangers and suf- ferings had doubtless done much to purge his soul, but there was no idea yet of remodelling his life on any higher ideals. Then, in order to divert the weary hours of convalescence, he asked for the ro- mances of chivalry, his favourite reading, but there were none in the castle, and instead they brought him the lives of Christ and of the saints^ and he read them in the same quasi-competitive spirit with which he read the achievements of knights and warriors. "Suppose I were to rival this saint in fasting, that one in endurance, that other in pilgrimages." He would then wander off into thoughts of chivalry, and ser- vice to fair ladies, especially to one of high rank, whose name is unknown. Then all of a sudden, he became conscious that the after-effect of these dreams was to make him dry and dissatisfied, while the ideas of fall- ing into rank among the saints braced and strength- ened him, and left him full of joy and peace. Next it dawned on him that the former ideas were of the world, the latter God-sent; finally, worldly thoughts began to lose their hold, while heavenly ones grew clearer and dearer. One night as he lay awake, pondering those new lights, "he saw clearly", so says his autobiography, "the image of Our Lady with the Holy Child Jesus, at whose sight for a notable time he felt a surpassing sweetness, which eventually left him with such a loathing for his past sins, and especially for those of the flesh, that every unclean imagination