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IBERVILLE

erected at Ibarra include those of the Perpetual Adoration, of the Immaculate Conception (for young ladies), of St. Joseph, of Bl. Maria Ana of Quito. The Third Orders of St. Francis and St. Dominic have members in almost every parish of the diocese.

Su.iREZ, HistoTia eclesiastica del Ecuador (Quito, 1881); Ide.vi. Hisloria general del Eenndor (Quito. 1880-1903); Kol- BERG, Nnck Ecuador (4th ed., Freiburg im Br., 1897), 302-16; Spillman in Die neue Welt, II (2nd ed., Freiburg im Br., 1904), 91-96; Wolf, Geografia y geologia del Ecuador (Leipzig, 1892), 547 sqq. ; Hojas Suellas (Ibarra, 1901 — ).

Gbegor Reinhold.

Ibas (Syriac IhJba or HIba, i. e. Donatus), elected Bishop of Edessa in 4.39 as successor of Rabbulas, one of the most ardent supporters of St. Cyril; d. 457. His policy, however, was just the reverse, as he in- clined strongly to the doctrines of Theodore of Mop- suestia. His reign as bishop was most disturbed. The infuriated partisans of Dioscorus protested and had him deposed at the Second Synod of Ephesus (the " Robber Synod "), in 449. He was, however, restored to his see by the Council of Chalcedon (451). Ibas holds a very important place in the history of dogma. Unfortunately the only authentic writing of his that we possess is his celebrated letter to Maris of Beit- Ardashir (i. e. to Dadisho, Catholicos of Seleucia- Ctesiphon and Patriarch of Persia), a famous subject of discussion at six councils. By the Monophysites he was accused of Nestorianism, nor can it be denied that he was in complete sympathy with the theological school of Antioch, whose masters were Diodorus of Tarsus, Theodore of Mopsuestia, and Theodoret of Cyrus. He taught for many years in the " Persian School " at Edessa, where he had among his pupils several future bishops of the Persian Church; he in- spired them with admiration for Theodore of Mopsues- tia, and translated for them or had them translate the latter's works, so that the Syrian Nestorians call the Bishop of Mopsuestia, by antonomasia, the Interpreter. However, Ibas protests that he did not approve Nes- torius when that patriarch refused the title of Mother of God to Mary: he only blames the methods adopt eil by Cyril to procure the condemnation of Nestorius; this much he openly declares in his letter to Maris. More- over, at the Council of Chalcedon, he anathematized Nestorius both orally and in writing, and was reha- bilitated almost unanimously by the Fathers. He indignantly repudiated certain assertions attributed to him by his adversaries, for instance: " I do not envy Christ His becoming God, for I can become God no less than He", and there is no reason for doubting the sincerity of his protestations. What is certain is, that to avoid all suspicion of Monophysitism, i. e. the con- fusion, or rather fusion, of the Divine nature and the human nature in Christ, he did not admit what is called the communicatio idiomalum, i. e. the po.ssibility of attributing to the Divine Person the concrete attri- butes of the human nature, and to the human nature the concrete attributes of the Divine Person. But that is not a sufficient reason for impugning his ortho- doxy, as this theory was in his time far from being fully and clearly expounded. At the Councd of Chalcedon the Patriarch Maximus of Antioch and the Roman legates declared: "Having read his letter again, we declare that he is orthodox." But the Fathers did not adopt that opinion unanimously.

A hundred years later, the letter of Ibas to Maris was one of the famous "Three Chapters" condemned at the fifth oecumenical council (553), at the instigation of Justinian. Among the theologians of that council, som(', like the Westerns, thought that, as the Council of Chalcedon had rehabilitated Ibas, to condemn his writings would be equivalent to condemning that council, in other words to approve its Monophysite adversaries. Others, in the hope of conciliating the Monophysite partisans known as Severians, thought it necessary to condemn once more, not only Nestorius,

but also all writings that inclined towards Nestorian- ism; they thought the letter of Ibas was impious, be- cause it calumniated St. Cyril, criticized the procedure of the Council of Ephesus, and seemed to justify Nestorius and the Nestorians; others asserted, how- ever, that the letter was apocryphal. In the eighth session (2 June, 553) the council declared: " If anyone defends the aforesaid letter and does not anathematize it, it and him who defends it and who says that it is wholly or at least in part correct . . . let him be anathematized". Pope Virgilius, who had at first expressed a contrary opinion, and for that reason was attacked by Justinian, ended by sanctioning the deci- sions of the council. It is to be remarked that it was not the person of Ibas, but only his letter to Maris, that was condemned on this occasion.

Hefele. Concilif-ngeschichte, new Fr. tr. bv Lec'lercq (Paris. l',)0S-09), II, part.s I and II: III, part I; Duvai., Histoire d' Ed esse (Paris): Labourt, Le Christianisme dana Vem-pire perse, c. ix (Paris).

Jerome Labourt.

Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d', founder of the colony of Louisiana, b. at Villemarie, Montreal, 16 July, 1661; d. at Havana, 9 July, 1706. He was the third son of Charles Le Moyne, a native of Dieppe, Sieur de Longueuil in Canada, and of Catharine Pri- mot. Several of his brothers distinguished themselves greatly as explorers and sailors, viz., the Sieurs de Longueuil, Sainte-H^lene, Maricourt, Serigny, ChS- teauguay, and Bienville. Iberville became a sailor at an early age and served as a volunteer under the Chevalier de Troyes in Hudson Bay. In 1086 he began a brilliant career as soldier and sailor, and took part in many expeditions against the English. In an attack against Fort Rupert, with his brother Mari- court and nine men in two bark canoes, he captured an English ship with fifteen men and the governor of Hudson Bay. In 1694 he took Fort Nelson in Hud- son Bay, which he named Bourbon, and in 196 Fort Pemaquid in Maine. In 1696 also he captured all the English settlements on the coast of Newfound- land, and in 1697 he led an expedition against the English on Hudson Bay. He had a squadron of four ships and a brigantine and commanded the "Pelican " (50 cannon). Separated by ice from his ships Iber- ville, on 5 Sept., 1697, attacked alone three English ships, sank the "Hampshire" (56 cannon), captured the " Hud.son Bay" (32 cannon) and put to flight the "Derring" (36 cannon). He lost his ship and his prize near the mouth of the St. Teresa River, but on the arrival of three ships of his squadron he captured Fort Nelson (Bourbon).

Iberville sailed for France in November, 1697, and was chosen by the Minister of Marine to lead an expe- dition to rediscover the mouth of the Mississippi River, and to colonize Louisiana, which the English coveted. Iberville's fleet sailed from Brest on 24 October, 1698. It consisted of two small frigates, the "Badine", commanded by Iberville him.self, and the "Marin", and two store-.'ships. At Santo Do- mingo the warship "Francois" joined the expedition and accompanied it to its destination. On 25 Jan- uary, 1699, Iberville reached Santa Rosa Island in front of Pensacola, founded by the Spaniards; he sailed from there to Mobile Bay and explored Mas- sacre Island, later Dauphine. He cast anchor be- tween Cat Island and Ship Island, and on 13 Feb., 1699, he w-ent to the mainland, Biloxi, with his brother Bienville.

On 27 February he set out with two rowboats, two birch canoes and forty-eight men in search of the mouth of the Mississippi, which he discovered on 2 March, 1699. He sailed up as far as the mouth of Red River and returned to his ships through Bayou Ascantia and two lakes, which he named Maurepas and Pontchartrain. On 1 May, 1609, he completed a fort on the north-east side of the Bay of Biloxi, a