Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 7.djvu/670

 HYP^PA

604

HYPNOTISM

Thomas a Kempis (d. 1471), who besides his immortal " Imitation of Christ " has left us a considerable num- ber of hymns. In France besides the Cistercian Guil- laume de Deguilleville (d. after 1358), Philippe de Maizieres, a nobleman of Picardy (d. 1405), was espe- cially prominent. As hymn writers from Scandinavia the following are to be mentioned: Bishop Brynolf of Scara (d. 1317), confessor of the convent of Vadstena, Petrus Olavson (d. 1378), and Bishop Birger Gregor- son of Upsala (d. 13S3).

That this once so flourishing art of hymnody should have declined and finally died out cannot he wondered at, if it be considered that in all human undertakings the period of growth is followed by one of decay unless a new spirit pours fresh life into the old forms. This was not the case with hymnody, and external factors hastened its decline. Owing to the exile of the pope.s at Avignon and divers other religious and political entanglements of the age, and not the least to the Schism, abuses sprang up which lay like a frost on the hymnody of the people, rooted as it was in deep relig- ious sentiment. The freedom to compose their own Liturgies, which each diocese and convent enjoyed at that time, degenerated into total lack of control. Hymns and sequences of more than doubtful worth, composed by men who were anytliing but poets, were introduced. Hymnody grew exuberantly and ran to weed. This was the favourable moment for Humanism to oppose hymnody successfully. The Humanists abominated the rhythmical poetry of the Middle Ages from an exaggerated enthusiasm for ancient classical forms and metres. Hymnody then received its death blow as, on the revision of the Breviary under Pope llrban VIII, the medieval rhythmical hymns were forced into more classical forms by means of so-called corrections. The hymnody of the Middle Ages with its great wealth is now only an historical monument which bears witness to the artistic skill, the joyful sing- ing, and the deep religious life of our forefathers. For a long time it was neglected, but in the last century it has come to be understood and appreciated more thoroughly.

Aurea expoaitio hymnorum cum textu (Paris, 1485): Textua sequcntiaTum cum expositione lucida ac facili (Hagenau, 149.3); .J(_>H. .\DELPHUS, Hymni de tempore et de Sanctis; Idem, Scqucn- titirum luculcnta interpretatio (Strasburg, 1512): JoH. Badius, Kxpositio sequentiarum totiua anni sec. usuin Sarum (London, 1502): Mich. Wratislaviensis, Expositio hymnorumque inter- pretatio (Krakow, 1516): Clichtoveu.s, Elucidatonum (Paris, 1516): Cassander, Hymni ecdesiaetici (Cologne, 15.i6); Fab- Ricius, Poetarum veterum eccl. opera Christiana (Basic, 1562): Thomasius (Tommasi, pseudonym; Josephus CAnrs), Psal- tcnum . . . et Hymnarium atque Orationale (Rome, 1683); Leyser, Historia poetarum et poemaium medii cevi (Halle, 1721); Jac. Grimm, Hymnorum veteris ecclcsioB XXVI interpretatio theotisea (Cottingen, is;i0): Du Meril, Poesies populaires (Paris. 1843-47); Idem, Poesies incdites (Paris, \>ib4); Tresch, .•Sacred Latin Poetry chiefly Lyrical (London. 1849, 1864, 1874); Stevenson, Latin Hymns of the Anglo-Haxon Church (Durham, 18.51); Neale, Hymni ecclesice e breviariis . . . desumpti (Ox- ford and London. 1S51): Idem, Sequentiw ex missalibus . . . coUectfB (London. 1852); Mai, Hymni inediti vel qui eerte in B. Thomasii coUcctione desiderantur in Nova bibliotlteca PP. (Rome, 1S52); Daniel, Thesaurus hymnologicus sive Hymnorum, canti- corum, sequentiarum collectio amplissima (Halle, 1841-56): MoNE, Lateinisehe Hymncn des Mitlrlaltcrs (Freiburg, 1853-55); Todd, Book of Hymns of the Ancient Church of Ireland (Dublin, 1855-69); Hymnarium Sarisburiense cum rubricis et notis musicis (London. 1851): Schubiger, Die Sangerschule .S'/. Gallens (Einsiedeln and New York, 185.8); Morel. Lateinisehe Hymnen des Mittelaltcrs (Einsiedeln and New York, 1868); Kehrein, Ixileinischc Sequenzen des Mittelaltcrs (Mainz, 1873); Hagen, Carmina medii mvi maximam partem inedita (Bemo, 1877); Klemming, Hymni, sequentits el pice cantiones in regno Sueciae olim u-fitatcE (Stockholm, 1885-87); Oautier, Histoirc de la poi-sie liturgiquc au moycn ^ige (Paris, 1S86): Fhere, The Winchester Tropcr (London. 1894); Bernard and .'\tkinson. The Irish Liber Hymnorum (London. 1898): Werner, Die itltesten Hymncnsammlungen von Rheinau (Leipzig, 1891); Chevalier, Porsie liturgique Iradifionelle de I'Eglise eath»lique en Occident (Toumai. 1894); Di'MMLER, Traube and Winter- FELD, PoetcE latini medii <Bvi (Berlin. 1881-89) in the Monumenta Gcrmanim ; Weale and Misset, Analecta Liturgica (London and Lille, 1888-92); Blume and Dreves. Analecta Hymnica medii cevi (Leipzig, 1886-1909 sqq.); Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelaltcrs (Leipzig, 1874; 2nd ed., 1889): Kayser, Beitrdge zur Geschichte und Erklarung der dUeaten Kirchcnhymnen (Paderbom. 1881-86): Sai-zer. Die christlich-ramische Hymnenpoesie (Brtlnn, 1883): Manitiu.s,

Geschichte der christlich-latcintschcn Poesie his zur Mitte des 8. Jahrhunderts (Stuttgart, 1891); Chevalier, Poesie liturgique du moyen age (Paris and Lyons, 1893); Schulte, Die Hymnen des Breviers (Paderbom, 1898); Baumgartner, />[> /a/cinisr/ie und grieschische Literatur der christlichen Vi,lker (Freiburg, 1905, in Geschichte der Wcllliteratur, IV); Dreves, Die Kirche der Lateincr in ihrcn Liedcrn (Kempten. 1908); Blume and Dreves, Hymnologische Bcitrage (Leipzig, 1897-1908 sqq.); PiTRA, Hymnographie de I'Eglise greeque (Rome, 1867); Idem, Analecta sacra spicilcgio Solesmcnsi parata (Paris, 1876); Christ and Paranikas. Anthologia grceca cnrminum Chriatia- norum (Leipzig, 1871); Amphilochius, Koffiaicopiov (Moscow, 1879); Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantimschen Literatur (.Munich. 1897); .Meyer. Gesammeltc .Abhandlungen zxtr mUtel- lateinischen Rhythmik (Berlin, 1905); Grimme. Der .Slrophcnbau in den Gedichten Ephrams des Syrers (Freiburg. 1.S93); Chat- field, Songs and Hymns of Earliest Greek Christian Poets (Lon- don, 1876): Baumer in Kirehenlex., s. v. Hymnus I, gives a good bibliography to Syriac hymnody; Julian, .-1 Dictionary of Hymnology (London, 2nd ed., 1907).

Cle.mens Blume.

Hypsepa, titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Ephesus, was a small town on the southern slope of the Tmolus, looking towards the plain of Caystrus. ArteraLs Persica was worshipped there, and its women were noted for their beauty and their skill in dancing. It coined its own money until the time of Emperor Gordianus. It is now a little village in the vilayet of Smyrna, called by the Turks Tapou, though the Greeks retain the ancient name. It has ruins dating from classical and medieval times. The see survived until the thirteenth century; under Isaac Angelus Com- nenus it became a metropolitan see. Lequien (Orien.s Christ., I, 95) mentions six bi.shops: Mithres, present at the Council of Nica-a, 325; Euporus, at Ephesus, 431 ; Julian, at Ephesus, 449, and at Chalcedon, 451 ; Anthony, who abjured Monothelism at the Council of Constantinople, 680; Theophylactus, at the Council of Nica?a in 787; Gregory, at Constantinople, 879. To these may be added Michael, who in 1230 signed a document issued by the Patriarch Germanus II (Re- vue des etudes grecques, 1894, VII).

Leake, Asia Minor, 256; Texier. Asic Mineure, 248-2.50.

S. Pethides.

Hjrperdulia. See Adoration ; Dulia; Mart, the

Blessed Virgin.

Hypnotism (Gr. (iiri-os, .sleep). — By Hypnotism, or Hypnosis, we understand here the nervous sleep, in- dilced by art ificial and external means, which has in our days been made t he subject of experiment and met hodi- cai study by men of science, physicians or physiologists. It does not differ, however,essentially from the " animal magnetism" which for a hundred years achieved such remarkable success in drawing-rooms without reach- ing the point of forcing the doors of the scientific academies, nor from the " Mesmerism " or the "Braidism" which will have to be explained in the course of the historical exposition of the subject. The causes of hypnotism have been discussed and are still open to di.scussion; but what has been ascer- tained beyond possibility of questioning is the exist- ence of a special kind of sleep, artificially brought on by means of "passes", of acute or prolonged sensa- tions, of a sustained attention, or of an effort of the will. The belief in a su!)tile, impalpable fluid, anal- ogous to that of mineral magnetism, but peculiar to living beings — the "magnetic" or "vit;il fluid" — docs not date from the eighteenth century, as some have thought, but goes back to a high antiquity. Pliny, (^lalen, and Arctius bear witness to its exist- ence. In the fifteenth century, Pomponacius re- marks that "certain men have salutary and potent properties which are borne outward by evaporation and produce remarkable effects upon the bodies that receive them". Ficinus, on his part, says that "the soul, being afTected with passionate desires, can act not only upon its own body, but even upon a neigh- bouring body, above all if the latter be the weaker". Lastly, it is Paracelsus who for the first time (in " De Peste") gives body to the doctrine by the hypothesis