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Br., 1855); " Franzosische Feindseligkeiten gegen Oesterreich ziir Zeit des dreizigjahrigen Krieges" (Vienna, 1859); "Wallensteins vier letzte Lebens- jahre"(lS62).

(2) Heinrich VON' HrKTER, son of the preceding, b. at Schaffhausen, 8 August, 1825; d. at Vienna, 30 May, 1895. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1851, and later appointed to a benefice at Vienna. Besides volumes of sermons, his writings include: " Konzil und Unfehlbarkeit " (1S70); "Sehonheit und Wahrheit derkatholischenKirche" (9 vols., 1871-78); "Friedrich von Hurter und seine Zeit " (2 vols., 187G).

(3) Hugo vox Hurter, distinguished theologian; b. at Schaffhausen, 11 January, 1832; ordained priest in 1855. From 1849 to 1856 he studied at the Ger- manicum in Rome, where he was made doctor of philosophy and theology. In 1857 he entered the Society of Jesus, and in 1S58 was appointed to the theological faculty of the University of Innsbruck. His chief works are: "Theologiae dogmatica? com- pendium" (3 vols., Innsbruck, 1876-78; 11th ed., 1903) ; " Nomenclator litterarius theologiiE catholicre " (3 vols., Innsbruck, 1871-86; 3rd ed., 5 vols., 1903); " Medulla theologiEB dogmaticae " (2 vols., Innsbruck, 1870; 7th ed., 1902). He also edited the collection "Selecta opuscula SS. Patrum" (.54 vols., 1868-92).

Heinrich von Hurter iu Kirchenlex.; Hugo von Hcrter. Nomenctator. _, ,_ -^

F. M. RUDGE.

Hus (Heb. py; Sept., OSf, 'fij), the name of three persons, and a land mentioned in the Old Testament.

I. Hus, son of Aram and grandson of Sem (Gen., X, 23, Vulgate, Us; 1 Par., i, 17, Vulgate, Hus).

II. Hus, eldest son of Nachor and a nephew of Abraham (Gen. xxii, 21).

III. Hus, son of Disan, sprung from Esau of the land of Edom (Gen. xxxvi, 28; I Par., i, 42).

IV. Hus (l.\nd of) (Sept., Aitin^; Vulgate, Hus, Job, i, 1; Lam., iv, 21; Ausitis, Jer., xxv, 20) was the home of Job and a territory in which the descendants of one of the three above-named persons had likely settled. There is much difference of opinion as to the connexion of the three persons named Hus with each other and with the land of that name. Three times is this land named in the Old Testament. The chief mention is in Job, i, 1. The holy man lived in the land of Hus. Job's estate was open to attack from the Chaldeans and Sabeans (Job, i, 15 and 17); and lay to the north of the latter and to the west of the former folk, near to the edge of the great desert. This site explains the havoc made by the wind (Job, i, 19). We are led to this view also by the names of the native countries of the friends of Job. Eliphaz the Themanite had an Edomite name and came from an Edomite land. In Gen., xxxvi. 11, Theman is a son of Eliphaz and a descendant of Esau the Edomite. Hence Job's estate was in a land occupied by Edom- ites. Job's second friend, Baldad the Suhite, was from Shuah, a place that has been identified with Suhu of Tiglcth-pileser II. He says SuJju lay one day's journey from Carchemish in the land of ^^atti, i. e. one day's journey from the Euphrates on the way through the land of the Hittitcs. Hus would, then, seem to have been Uzza of Shalmanesar.

Uzza can readilv have been Uj. Dclitzsch places the land of Uzza W. and N.W. of Haleb (Alep). His conjecture is due to the fact that Shalmanesar II received tribute from a certain "son of the land of Uzza", whom he made king over Patinu. Local tra- dition puts the land of Hus in the Hauran, a little south of Nawa. Here is a monastery that liears the name of the saintly Job, Dcir eif-yub; hard by the monastery, are the supposed site of his affliction mnkr'nn cy-yub (Job's station), the very trough in which he washed thereafter, and the well from which he drew water for his purification. Such details are the usual apanage to local traditions in the Orient.

The Hauran is set down to be the land of Hus by St. Ephraem (Prol. in Job) and St. Jerome ("Onomas- ticon", ed. Larsow, 1862, p. 254). Josephus (Ant., I, vi, 4) sets down Trachonitis and Damascus; the Septuagint, in an epilogue at the end of its translation of Job, tells us he lived "in Ausitis on the confines of Edom and .\rabia". Friedrich Delitzsch favours Tud- mor (PalmjTa) as the land of U? spoken of in Assyrian inscriptions. He denies that Uzza was Uz.

Friedrich Delitzsch, Parodies, 259; Fries, Das Land Uz in Studien und Kritiken, XXVII (1854), 299; K.nabenbauer, Commentarium in Job, 34.

Walter Drum.

Hus and Hussites. — John (Jan) Hus, b. at Hus- inetz in Southern Bohemia, 1369; d. at Constance, 6 July, 1415. At an early age he went to Prague where he supported himself by singing and serving in the churches. His conduct was exemplary and his devotion to study remarkable. In 1393 lie re- ceived the degree of Bachelor of Arts from the L'ni- versity of Prague and in 1396 the master's degree. He was ordained a priest in 1400 and became rector of the university 1402-0:5. About the same time he was appointed preacher in the newly erected Bethlehem chapel. Hus was a strong partisan on the side of the Czechs, and hence of the Realists; and he was greatly influenced by the writings of Wyclif. Though forty- five propositions of the latter were proscribed in 1403 by ecclesiastical authority, Hus translated \\'yclif's "Trialogus" into Czech and helped to circulate it. From the pulpit he inveighed against the morals of clergy, episcopate, and papacy, thus taking an active part in the movement for reform. Archbishop Zby- n6k (Sbinco), however, was not only lenient with Hus, but favoured him with an appointment as preacher to the biennial sjTiod. On the other hand Innocent VII directed the archbishop (24 June, 1405) to take measures against the heretical teachings of Wyclif, especially the doctrine of impanation in the Eucharist. The archbishop complied by issuing a synodal decree against these errors; at the same time he forbade any further attacks on the clergy. In the following year (1406) a document bearing the seal of the University of Oxford and eulogizing Wyclif was brought by two Bohemian students to Prague ; Hus read it in triumph from the pulpit. In 1408 Sbinco received a letter from Gregory XII stating that the Holy See had been informed of the spread of the Wycliffite heresy and especially of King Wenceslaus's sympathy with the sectaries. This stirred up the king to measures of prosecution and aroused the university to clear itself of the suspicion of heresy. At the June s\Tiod it was ordered that all writings of Wyclif should be handed over to the archdiocesan chancery for correction. Hus obeyed the order, declaring that he condemned whatever errors these writings contained.

About the same time a new conflict broke out on national lines. The king agreed to the "neutrality" plan proposed by the secessionist cardinals at the Council of Pisa (q. v.) and endeavoured to have it recognized by the university. The Czechs fell in with his wishes but the three other "nations" refused. The king then decreed (IS Jan., 1409) that in the university congregations the Czechs should have three votes, the other "nations" should have only one vote between them. In consequence the German masters and students in great numbers (5000 to 20,000) left Prague and went to Leipzig, Erfurt, and other univer- sities in the North (see Rashdall, "LTniversities", II, 224 sq.). The king now forbade communication with Gregory XII and proceeded against those of the clergy who disregarded his prohibition. In conse- quence the archbishop placed Prague and the vicinity under interdict, a measure which cost many of the loyal clergj' their position and property. Hus who had become once more rector of the university, was called to account by the archbishop for his Wye-