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GROTTAFERRATA

sought freedom from the overlordship of Siona, but in vain. Tlie Romanesque cathedral was completed in 1295 and restored in 1846. It was the work of Sozo Rustichini of Siena. The facade consists of alternate layers of white and black marble. The campanile dates from 1402, and the wondrously carved baptis- mal font from 1470.

Rusellse was an episcopal city from the fifth cen- tury. St. Gregory the Great commended to the spir- itual care of Balbinus, Bishop of Rusella?, the inhabitants of Vetulonia. In llliS Innocent II trans- ferred the see to Grosseto, and Rolando, Bishop of Rusella;, became Bishop of Grosseto. Among his successors were: Fra Bartolommeo da AmeUa (1278), employed by the popes on many legations; Angelo Pattaroli (1330). a saintly Dominican; Cardinal Raf- faele Petrueci (1497), a native of Siena and lord of that city, hated alike for his cupidity and his worldly mode of hfe; Ferdinand Cardinal Ponzetti (1522), a learned man, but fond of wealth ; Marcantonio Cam- peggio (1528), who was distinguished at the Council of Trent. From 1858 to 18G7, for political and eco- nomical reasons, the see remained vacant. The diocese contains 26 parishes and numbers 30,250 faithful. It has two rehgious houses and one convent for girls.

Cappelletti, Le chiese d' Italia, XVII (1862), 633-77; Co- GNACCI, Scritli, Scrittori, e uomini celebri delta provincia di Grosseto (Grosseto, 1874).

U. Benigni.

Grosswardein (Hung. Nagy-Vaead), Diocese of (Magno-Vakadinensis), a diocese of the Latin Rite in Hungary, suffragan of Kalocsa-Bacs. It includes the whole of the Counties of Bihar and Szildgy, parts of Bekes and Szatmar, and the city of Debreczin. The .see is dividetl into four archidiaconates, that of the cathedral and those of Bckes, Kraszna, and Mittel- Szolnok, and twelve vice-archidiaconates. The diocese includes 1 abbey, 16 titular abbeys, 3 provostships, and 15 titular provostships, 66 parishes, and 193 clergy. Patronage, in the hands of 26 patrons, is exercised over 65 benefices. The training of the clergy takes place in the seminary at Grosswardein and in the central ecclesiastical seminary at Buda- pest. In 1908 the total number of seminarians was 26 theologians, there being also 3 clerics attending the gjnnnasium. The total population of the diocese is (1908) 1,157,160, of whom 161,293 are Roman Catholics, 165,168 Greek Catholics, 215,710 Orthodox Greeks, 105,439 disciples of Augustine of Bohemia, 453,853 of the Helvetic Confession, 1261 Unitarians, 52,688 Jews, and 1748 professing other creeds. There are 269 Greek Catholic churches and twenty- four convents of men and women, having in all 307 members.

The foundation of the see is ascribed by the his- torian Georg Pray to St. Stephen: the seat of the diocese, however, was then Byhor (Bihar), whence it was transferred by the saintly King Ladislaus to Gross- wardein. However that may be, the statutes of the chapter of 1370 explicitly attribute the founding of the see to St. Ladislaus. The year 1083 is the ac- cepted date of the foundation. The patron of the diocese is the sainted King Ladislaus. SLxtus (1103- 1113) is said to have been the first bishop. In 1241, the bishopric and the city were devastated by the Tatars. However, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the diocese developed very considerably, and as early as the fourteenth century embraced six archidiaconates, with over 300 parishes. Bishop Andreas Bathori (1329-1345) rebuilt the cathedral in Gothic style. Jotram (1383-1395) erected the fa- mous equestrian statue of King Ladislaus. From that epoch dates also the Hermes, now preserved at Gyor, which contains the skull of King Ladislaus, and which is a masterpiece of the Hungarian goldsmith's art. Bishop Johann Vitiz von Zredna (1445-1465) was one of the most distinguished and active promoters of

Humanism in Hungary. The political dissolution following the battle of Mohdcs in 1526 and the aggressiveness of Protestantism caused the rapid de- cline of the diocese. After the death of Georg Uties- senovicz-Martinuzzi (1535-1551), the greatest of the bishops of Grosswardein and the partisan of Queen Isabella and King John, the sec still deteriorated.

Protestantism continually gained in extent, and even the establishment of the Jesuits at Grosswardein in 1579 could not save the Catholic religion in the diocese from ruin. In 1606 the last Catholic priest left the city of Grosswardein. The old cathedral fell into disrepair, and in 1618 the walls which still stood were torn down by Gabriel Bethlen. In 1660 Grosswardein was conquered by the Turks and ruled by them until 1692. LTpon their departure, the re- organization of the diocese was begun under Bishop Gosf Emerich t'saky (1702-1732). The foundation stone of the present cathedral was laid in 1752 by Bishop Gosf Paul Forgdch (1747-1757). From that time onwards the condition of the Catholic religion improved.

The Greek Catholic Diocese of Grosswardein was

HlSIloc's I;f:s[T>KN< 1-: AM' I \: ! ■, .\i.

Grosswardein (Nagy-Varudj, Hunf^ary

founded in 1777, the faithful of that Rite having been up to that time under the jurisdiction of the Latin bishop. Originally the see was a suffragan of Gran; when, however, in 18.')3 the Greek Catholic Diocese of Fogaras became the .Archdiocese of Fogaras and Alba Julia, the Diocese of Grosswardein was transferred to its jurisdiction. The see is divided into six archidiaconates and nineteen vice-archidiaconates. There are (1906) one hundred and seventy parishes. The right of patronage is exercised in ninety-four parishes by twelve patrons.

Schematismus vcneraoilis cleri diac. Magno-Varadinenais la- tinorum pro 1908; Bv^zmv. Geschichte des Bistums von Vuradt I-III (Grosswaniein, 18S3-84); Das katholische Vntjam (Buda- pest, 1902): the two last works are in Hungarian.

A. AldXsy.

Grottaf errata, Abbey of (Lat. Crypla ]erTata),a, Basilian monasterj- near Rome, sometimes said to occupy the site of Cicero's Tusculanum and situated on the lower slopes of the Alban hills, in the Diocese of Frascati, two and a half miles from the town itself. The monastery was founded in 1004 by St. Nilus, sometimes called " the Younger " or " of Rossano". This abbot, a Calalirian Cireek, and hence a subject of the Byzantine Empire, had left Rossano in 980 to avoid the inroads of the Saracens and with his com- niimity had spent the intervening years in various monasteries without finding a permanent home. The legend narrates that, at the spot where the abbey now stands, Our Lady appeared and bade him found a church in her honour. From Gregory, the powerful Count of Tusculum, father of Popes Benedict VIII and John XIX, Nilusobtained the site, but died soon after-