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council seems to imply that not all hunting is illicit, and canonists generally make a distinction between noisy (clamorosa) and quiet (quieta) hunting, declar- ing the former to be unlawful but not the latter. Ferraris (s. v. " Clericus", art. 6) gives it as the general sense of canonists that hunting is allowed to clerics if it be indulged in rarely and for sufficient cause, as neces- sity, utility, or honest recreation, and with that moderation which is becoming to the ecclesiastical state. Ziegler, however (De episc, 1. IV, c. xix), thinks that the interpretation of the canonists is not in accordance with the letter or spirit of the laws of the Church. Nevertheless, although the distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible, it is certain that a bishop can abso- lutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his tliocese. This has been done by synods at Milan, Avignon, Liege, Cologne, and elsewhere. Benedict XIV (De synodo diocces., 1. II, c. x) declares that such synodal decrees are not too severe, as an ab.solute prohibition of hunting is more conformable to the ecclesiastical law. In practice, therefore, the synodal statutes of various localities must be consulted to discover whether they allow quiet hunting or prohibit it alto- gether.

AwHSER, Compendium juria cedes. (Brixen, 1895); Wernz. Jus Decretalium, II (Rome, 1899); Laurentids, Institutiones iuHs eccles. (Freiburg, 1903).

William H. W. Fanning.

Huntington, Jedediah Vincent, clergyman, novelist; b. 20 January, 1815, in New York City; d. 10 March, 1862, at Pau, France. He received his early education at home and at an Episcopalian pri- vate school. He entered Yale College and later the University of New York, where he was graduated in 1835. He then studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, received his degree in 18.38, but never practised his profession. During the three years fol- lowing he was professor of mental philosophy in St. Paul's Episcopal school near Flushing, L. I., and at the same time studied for the ministry. In 1S41 he was ordained a minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church, resigned his professorship, and became rector of the Episcopal church at Middlelniry, Vermont. At the end of five years he resigned because of doubts about his religious position, and went to Europe. The next three years he spent mostly in England and in Rome. He left England apparently a firm believer in the Anglican theory of the "Via Media". The authority of Rome outside the British possessions he readily accepted. Soon after his arrival in Home, however, he became convinced that his duty lay in recognizing the exclusive authority of the Catholic Church. On speaking of the subject to his wife, he was agreeably surprised to learn that she was of one mind with him. Accordingly they were both received into the Church in 1849. Returning to America he lectured before learned associations in several of the large cities. He became editor of the " Metropolitan Magazine", a Catholic periodical published in Balti- more, and later edited "The Leader" published in St. Louis; each proved a failure. His life was, however, a literary life, and fairly successful. His first pul)lica- tion was a book of verse. He made several transla- tions from the French, one of which, Segur's "Short and Familiar Answers to Objections against Religion," is still doing service.

But Huntington is best known as a writer of fiction. His novels were widely read and received considerable notice in the leading journals in America and England. The criticism was often harsh and at times justly deserved, especially in the case of his first novel " Lady Alice" and its sequel "The Forest". Probably the best of his works is " Alban, or the History of a Young Puritan", which is practically the history of his own life. His last work, which is best known and which is the only one reprinted, is "Rosemary, or Life and

Death". The last few years of his life were spent at Pau, in the South of France, where he died of pulmo- nary tuberculosis in his forty-eighth year.

lieeords of the Ajneriean Catliolu- Historical Society, 1905.

Matthew J. Flaherty.

Hunyady, JAnos (John), governor of Hungary, b. about 14U0; d. 11 August, 1456; the heroic defender of the Catholic Faith against the advance of the Osmanli; father of King Matthias I (Corvinus) of Ilvuigary. The origin and parentage of his family was not ascertained until recently, when modern in- vestigation cleared up the mmierous legends which surrountled the Hunyadi family. The historian Bon- fini derived the family from the Roman gens Corvina, or Valeriana, in order to flatter his king, Matthias Corvinus. Giispdr Heltai in his chronicle makes Hunyady the illegitimate son of King Sigismund and a Wallachian peasant-girl. Others try to establish the purely Hungarian origin of the family; others again put in a plea for its Serb or Wallachian origin. In view of modern investigations it may be taken as proved that the family of Hvmyadi was of Rimianian origin; Jiinos Himyady himself, however, may be regarded as a Hungarian from his birthplace; prob- ably he spoke the Wallachian language only during his youth, and no doubt was born in the Catholic faith, which his father Vajk (Voik, Vuk) probably had already professed. The oldest ascertained mem- ber of the family was called Serbe, whose son, Vajk, the father of Janos Hunyady, was already in posses- sion of the hereditary seat of the family, the castle Ilunyad, before 1407. The parentage of the mother of Hunyady underwent an exhaustive scrutiny at the hands of modern critics. While formerly his mother, Elizabeth, was supposed to belong to the family of Morzsinay, it was recently shown by Jdnos Kar.4c- sonyi, that for various reasons the marriage of Hun- yady's father with a member of the family of Morz- sinay is inadmissible. However, the name of Hun- yady's mother has not been ascertained up to the present time. The year of Hunyatly's birth is either one of the last years of the fourteenth, or one of the first years of the fifteenth century. According to Count Jo.seph Teleki, the historian of the House of Hunyady, he was born in 1387. The birthplace of Hunyady is equally unknown.

Of liis youth we know that in 1410-4 he was in the service of the family Ujlaky, in the southern part of the country, in Syrmia or in the Banat of Macs6. In 1414-27 he was in the service of the despot, Stefan Lazarevics of Servia, in one of whose Hungarian fortresses (perhaps Becse), he was stationed. We find him in the military entourage of the King Sigis- mund and .\ll)recht, 1428-;59. Sigismund rewarded ILinyady, who distinguished himself in the war against the Turks, during the siege of the castle of Szendrii, with large donations and made him one of his counsellors. The rise to pow'er of Hvmyady began after the death of Sigismund. In 1438, King -Albert appointed him Ban of Szor6ny (Severin) and Count of Temes, in 1439 he received from the kin^ another donation and the castle of Ilimyad (his family seat), and was named as guardian of Albert's post^ luunous son, Ladislaus. After the death of Al- bert, Wladislaw III of Poland was elected King of Hungary, in order togive the covmtry a strong ruler; Hunyady took a leading part in this election. By his .support the new king firmly established himself on the throne. Through gratitude he made Hunyady commander of the fortress of Belgrade, and Voivode of Transylvania. This appointment was the begin- ning of the great wars, under Hunyady's leadership, against the Turks, who were threatening Hungary. In 1441 he gained the victory of Szendro, in 1422 that of Maros-Szent-Imre, whereupon he invaded and conquered Wallachia. In 1443 Hvuiyady began the Bulgarian war, during which he advanced to Sofia,