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HUNOLT

has been translated into several languages. The stage of to-day in Hungary is but little concerned with literary excellence. Of recent novelists the most prominent are Herczeg, Mikszath, Rdkosi, Kincs, Andor, Gdrdonyi, and as orators Cardinals Haynald, Schlauch, Samassa, Bishop Prohdszka, Minister of State Apponyi, Ugron, Rakovszky, and others. Since the prevalence of modern infidelity, looseness of morals, and class feuds, Hungarian literature is aban- doning its ancient ideals of patriotism, religion, and moral earnestness, and imitates the fashionable French and German writers.

Periodical Literature. — Historically we note two periods in Hungarian literature: the period before 1867 and that after. The first Hungarian newspaper, the "Magyar Hirmondo", appeared in 17S0 in Poz- sony, and the first literary magazine, the "Magyar Miizsa ", in 17S7. Literary periodicals edited by Kazinczy and Kisfaludy contributed much to the development of Hungarian literature. The first scientific magazine was the "Tudom;lnyos Gyiijte- meny ", founded in 1817 by the historian Canon Fej^r. Kossuth's organ, the "Pesti Hirlap" (1841-48), exer- cised great influence on the events of the wars of freedom and on the period of the Revolution. The "Pesti Naplo", edited by Kcmeny with the co-opera- tion of Dedk, was an important factor in the prepara- tion of the settlement with Austria (1867). The politi- cal press, after the defeat of the national movement (1849), greatly degenerated, but after the settlement the revival of national independence, and the removal of political censorship, began the modern period of rapid development. In 1830 there were in all only 10 Hun- garian newspapers and magazines; in 1840 there were 26; in 1848-49, the year of the Revolution, 86; only 9 in 1850; 52 in 1861; SO in 1867 (year of the settle- ment); 140 in 1868; 368 in 1880; 636 in 1890; 1132 in 1900; 2069 in 1907. In 1909 the number of news- papers, not counting magazines, was 1384, publishing 152 million copies annually ; of these 2 million were Catholic, of the remaining 1.50 million some are neutral, the majority anti-Catholic. The Catholic pre.ss is weak because, owing to the dominant position of the Church for centuries, the Catholics did not feel the advantage of a representative press as keenlyas the minority, especially the Jews, who saw its financial advantages. Hence it comes that to-day the Hun- garian press is overwhelmingly Liberal and Jewish, strongly hostile to the Church and to a terrible extent pornographic. To its influence, above all, is to be ascribed the growth of religious indifference amongst Catholics, by which the unchristian church laws of 1890 and the spread of Social Democracy were made possi- ble. Catholics pos.sess only one central ilaily paper of importance, the " .\lkotmany ", since 1S95, which has a circulation of only 7000. .\nother old <laily, " Mag- yar.^llam ", had to cease publication in 1908; a 2-heller daily [a heller=one-fifth of a cent], the " Uj Lap", since 1901, is making groat progress, thanks to the powerful support of the Catholic Press As.sociation of Hungary. The subscription list ro.se in a few months from 19.000 to 60,000, and the number of subscribers is increasing daily. The anti-Semitic "Magyarors- zdg " has 36,000 subscribers, and the Moderate Liberal "Budapesti Hirlap" 30.000; these arc the only papers not hostile to the Church. Then come with outspoken anti-Christian character the Jewish dailies, such as the "Pesti Naplo" with 40.000, the "Pesti Hirlap" with 42,000, the "Budapest" with 45,000, the pornographic .scandal-chronicle "Nap" with 60,000, the "Kis Ujs^g" with 80.000, the "Friss Ujsag " (a 2-heller daily) with 1 60,000 subscribers, and many others. Moreover, the literary journals also are mostly objectionable from a moral point of view, and the scientific periodicals (mostly in the hands of Lib- eral university professors) are for the most part anti- Catholic or indifferent. The lack of criticism, a result

of the linguistic isolation of Hungary, makes itself felt especially in this department. Two associations have undertaken to improve the literary position of the Catholics: the Society of St. Stephen, founded in 1847, and the still youthful Catholic Press .Associa- tion. The former provides Catholic book and maga- zine literature, and possesses its own magnificent buildings and printing-press (annual income in 1908, $260,000; membership, 20,000). The Pre.ss A.sso- ciation (up to May, 1909, with a capital of 840,000) works chiefly for the improvement and spread of the daily press and is justly looked upon as the most important and most promising of Catholic institutions. There are on the Catholic side at present besides the 2 central dailies, 2 provincial dailies, 5 journals appear- ing several times in the week, and 25 weekly news- papers. Of the 60 Catholic periodicals, about 10 are scientific and literary in character, 9 religious, 16 de- votional, and 6 juvenile. The most important are: "Katholikus Szemle" (Catholic Review) since 1887, with 15,000 subscribers; " Elet " (Life) since 1909; "Religio", the oldest existing Hungarian periodical, and " ZjJszlonk " (Our Flag) for the youth, with 22,000 subscribers. On religious questions the Catholic peri- odicals are strongly orthodox. In the L'nited States 23 periodicals are published in Hungarian, includ- ing three daily newspapers, and 5 or 6 Catholic journals, Canada, also, has 1 Catholic periodical in Hungarian.

Tho l»ost scientific Hungarian grammars are by Sim(»nyi, SziNNYEi, SzAR^■AS. Dictionaries: Volland. ,4 Dictionary of the Hungarian and English Languages. Knglish- H ungarian Part (Budapest, 1908): scientific Hungarian dictionaries by CzuczoR-FoGARAsi, SzARvA.s-SiMON Yi, KziLY. Literature; RlEDiy, A History of Hungarian Literature (London, 1906); BowRiNG, Portri/ of the Mogi/ars (Ix)ndon, l.S:iO); Reich, H ungnrinn Literature (London, ISOS) ; Hungarian liand-hooks by ToLDY, Beothy (anti-Catholic tendency), Horv.\th, Bartha, Beothy-Badics, and others. Life and works of Hungarian writers by Szinnyei, at present 12 volumes. Periotlical litera- ture: Magyar Knnyvszemle (Budapest, I'.tOS).

Adalbert Bangha.

Hunolt, Franz, the most popular German preacher of the early part of the eighteenth century, b. 31 March, 1691, a"t Siegen; d. 12 September, 1746, at Trier. The name of this renowned preacher is spelled in various ways in the catalogues of the Society of Jesus— Hunold, Ilunoldt, and (\isually) Hunolt. At the age of nine years he entered the Jesuit college of his native town antl si.x years later attended the Jesuit school at Cologne to study philosophy. Hav- ing completerl the three years' course as master of arts, he entered the Society of Jesus there on 18 May. After a novitiate of two years at Trier he was sent to Geyst (near Miinster, in Westphalia) for one year to prepare himself to teach. After this he t;iught in the gymnasium at Cologne and iilsoat .'Vachcn to the complete .satisfaction of his superiors (xnmnx't cum laudc), being at the same time spiritual director of the junior sodality. In this position he showed proofs of his remarkable oratoric:il talents. Having completed the theological course of four years and received Holy orders, he should then have made his tertianship, or third year of probation, but was, during most of that period, employed in giving popular missions, so great had his reput:ition as a preacher alre:i<ly become. His next appointment was to the chair of logic at Coblenz, where he made his profession, 15 .August, 1724. It was not until after this year that he was able to follow his true vocation; he was assigned to the cathedral pulpit at Trier, and con- tinued in that employment for nineteen .years, to the satisfaction of his superiors and the spiritual advan- tage of the city. Besides this he was much sought after as a confessor and he :ilso became chaplain of the city prison. His indef:itigable activity nM|uired robust health, which, unfortunately, Hunolt had not. Chronic weakness of the heart rendered it impossible for him to preach ; consequently, in 1743, he was trans-