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 HUGO

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HUGUENOTS

Hugo Bishop of Ptolemais in partibus in the consistory of 15 Dec, 172S.

Hugo had long planned to write a full and detailed history of the Norbertine Order, and in 1717 the general chapter of the order had encouraged him to carry out his plan by naming him historiographer of the order and by requesting all the abbots to give him all the information they possessed concerning their abbeys. The first two volumes of the " Annales" had already been published and the third was in the hands of the royal censor when Hugo died.

That Hugo was a strenuous, learned, and con- scientious worker may be judged from the number and the importance of the books he has published or pre- pared for publication. His style is elegant and har- monious, and, as Aug. Digot says with reference to the "History of Lorraine", it surpasses that of Dom Calmet, whose style is heavy and diffuse. In 1699 Hugo published a " Refutation of the system of Fay- dit on the Blessed Trinity" ; it was a solid work, accord- ing to Paquot. He is also the author of some books on the Order of Canons Regular, one of which is favourably referred to by Benedict XIV; likewise of several dissertations on seals, coins, or medals, on persons and historical matters appertaining to the ducal house of Lorraine. On 17 March, 1708, he was made by Duke Leopold a member of his privy council and requested to write the history of Lorraine. Hugo set to work with his usual energy and the work was ready in 1713, but Leopold, fearing that, owing to Hugo's previous writings, this history might too much displease the royal house of France, asked Dom Cal- met, Abbot of Senones, to write the history instead of Hugo. Hugo's " Vie de St. Norbert, fondateur des Premontr^s" (Luxembourg, 1704) is remarkable for the elegance of its style and the important documents it contains. His two monumental works are: (1) " Sacra; antiquitatis monumenta historica, dogmatica, diplomatica, notis illustrata", in two volvunes. The first volume was published in 1725; the second, after Hugo's death, in 1744; (2) "Sacri et Canonici Ordinis Praemonstratensis Annales", in two volumes, giving in alphabetical order the history of each abbey. There are two more volumes of probationes, such as charters, etc., respecting each abbey. The third volume, with the title " Annales Ordinis Pripmonstratensis Sa?culum Primum (1120-1220)", which was to be followed by four more volumes, was ready for the press when Hugo died. After Hugo's death the Abbey of Etival was given in commendam to the Bishop of Toul, and for one reason or another the third volume has, unfortunately, never been printed. Hugo's manuscripts, forming eighteen volumes in folio, each of from 500 to 600 pages, are now preserved in the seminary of Nancy. They are fully described by M. Vacant, professor at the seminary, in "La Bibliotheque du Grand S^min- aire de Nancy" (1897).

Works of Hugo, passim: preface to Annaleit: Goovaertb, Dictinnnaire Bio-bibliographique des Ecrivains, Artistes et Sa- vants lie VOrdre de Premontre (Brussels), III, 110-29. Goovaerts gives the iiest and fullest description of Hugo's books and MSS. Digot. Charles Louis Hugo in Alcmoires de la Socicte Royale des Sciences etc. de Nancy (1842), 99-169; also reprinted; Lien- hart in Spirifus Literarius Norbertinus, s. v. (.\ugsburg, 1771); Kessel in Kirchenlex., s. v. Hugo, Ludwig Karl.

F. M. Geudens.

Hugo Etherianus. See Etherianus.

Huguccio (Hugh of Pi8.\), Italian canonist, b. at Pisa, date unknown; d. in 1210. He studied at Bologna, probably under Gandolphus, and taught canon law in the same city, perhaps in the school con- nected with the monastery of SS. Nabore e Felice. In 1190 he became Bishop of Ferrara. Among his pupils was Lothario de' Conti, afterwards Innocent III, who held him in high esteem as is shown by the important cases which the pontiff submitted to him, traces of which still remain in the "Corpus Juris" (c. Coram, 34, X, 1, 29). Two letters addressed by Innocent III to

Huguccio were inserted in the Decretals of Gregory IX (c. Quanto, 7, X, IV, 19; c. In quadam, 8, X,III, 41). Besides a book, "Liber derivationum", dealing with etymologies, he wrote a "Summa " on the "De- cretum " of Gratian, concluded according to some in 1187, according to others after 1190, the most exten- sive and perhaps the most authoritative commentary of that time. He omits, however, in the commentary on the second part of the "Decretum" of Gratian, Causse xxiii-xxvi, a gap which was filled by Joannes de Deo.

• Sarti, De Claris archigymnami Bononiensis professoribits, I (Bologna. 1896). 35.3 sq. ; Schulte, Geschichte der Quellen und Literatur des canonischen Rechts (Stuttgart, 1875-80) I, 156- 70: GiLLMANN, Paucapalea und Palc(e bei Huguccio in Archiv iiir katholiaches KirchenrechI, LXXXN'III (Jlainz, 1908), 466- 79.

A. Van Hove.

Huguenots, a name by which the French Protes- tants are often designated. Its etymology is un- certain. According to some the word is a popular corruption of the German Eidgenossen (conspirators, confederates), which was used at Geneva to designate the champions of Uberty and of union with the Swiss Confederation, as distinguished from those who were in favour of submission to the Duke of Savoy. The close connexion of the Protestants with Geneva, in the time of Calvin, might have caused this name to be given to them a little before the year 15.50 under the form eigenots (or aignots), which became huguenots under the influence of Hugnes, Bezanson Hugues being one of their chiefs. Others have maintained that the W'Ord was first used at Tours and was applied to the early Lutherans, because they were wont to assemble near the gate named after Hugon, a Coimt of Tours in ancient times, who had left a record of evil deeds and had become in popular fancy a sort of sinister and maleficent genius. This name the people applied in hatred and derision to those who were elsewhere called Lutherans, and from Touraine it spread through- out France. This derivation would account for the form Hugonot^, which is found in the correspondence of the Venetian ambassadors and in the documents of the Vatican archives, and for that of Huguenots, which eventually prevailed in the usage of Catholics, conveying a slight shade of contempt or hostility, which accounts for its complete exclusion from official documents of Church and State. Those to whom it was applied called themselves the R(form(s (Re- formed) ; the ofBeial documents from the end of the sixteenth century to the Revolution usually call them the pritendus reformes (pseudo-reformed). Since the eighteenth century they have been commonly desig- nated "French Protestants", the title being suggested by their German co-religionists, or Calvinists, as being disciples of Calvin.

Origin. — French Protestantism received from Cal- vin its first organization and the form which has since become traditional; but to Luther it owed the impulse which gave it birth. That the ideas of these two Reformers were to a certain degree successful in France was due in that country, as elsewhere, to the prevailing mental attitude. The Great Western Schism, the progress of Galilean ideas, the Prag- matic Sanction of Bourges, and the war of Louis XII against Julius II had considerably weakened the prestige and authority of the papacy. The French clergy, owing to the conduct of many of its mem- bers, inspired but little respect. After the Pragmatic Sanction (14.38) the episcopal sees became the object of ceaseless rivalry and contention, while too many of the bishops ignored their obligation of re.sidence. In spite of some attempts at reform, the regular clergy languished in inactivity, ignorance, and relaxation of discipline, and all their attendant imperfections. The humanism of the Renaissance had created a distaste for the verbose, formalistic scholasticism, still domi- nant in the schools, and had turned men back to the