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respect and love. While returning to England he was attacked by a fever, and died a few months after- wards at the Old Temple, the London residence of the bishops of Lincoln. The primate performed his obsequies in Lincoln cathedral, and Iving John as- sisted in carrying the coffin to its resting-place in the north-east transept. In 1220 he was canonized by Honorius III, and his remains were solemnly trans- lated in 1280 to a conspicuous place in the great south transept. A magnificent golden shrine contained his relics, and Lincoln became the most celebrated centre of pilgrimage in the north of England. It is not known what became of St. Hugh's relics at the Reformation; the shrine and its wealth were a tempting bait to Henry VIII, who confiscated all its gold, silver, and precious stones, "with which all the simple people be moch deceaved and broughte into greate super- sticion and idolatrye". St. Hugh's feast is kept on 17 November. In the Carthusian Order he is second only to St. Bruno, and the great modern Charterhouse at Parkminster, in Sussex, is dedicated to him.

Like most of the great prelates who came to Eng- land from abroad, St. Hugh was a mighty builder. He rebuilt Lincoln cathedral, ruined by the great earthquake of 1185, and, though much of the minster which towers over Lincoln is of later date, St. Hugh is responsible for the four ba.ys of the choir, one of the finest examples of the Early English pointed style. He also began the great hall of the bishop's palace. St. Hugh's emblem is a white swan, in reference to the beautiful story of the swan of Stowe which con- tracted a deep and lasting friendship for the saint, even guarding him while he slept.

Magna Vita S. Hugonis Epis. Lincolniensis, ed. Dimock (L/Oadon. 1864); Giraldus Cambrensis. Opera, VII, ed. Dimock (Loadon, 1877); Chronicles of Henry II, Richard I and John, ed. HowLETT (London, 1S.S5); Roger of Hoveden, His- toria, ed. Stubbs (London. 1870); Thurston, The Life of St. Hugh of Lincoln (London, 1898); Perry, Life of St. Hugh of Lincoln (London, 1879); .\dams. Political History of England lfJ6-I^U> (London, 1905); Stephens, History of the English Church from 1066-1373 (London, 1904).

R. Urban Butler.

Hugh o£ Remiremont (surnamed Candidus or Blancus), cardinal, born of a noble family, probably in Lorraine, died soon after 1098. He became a Bene- dictine at Remiremont, whence he was summoned to Rome by Leo IX and created Cardinal-Priest of San Clemente in 1049. He was a shrewd diplomat, b\it was loyal to the pope only as long as it was to his own advantage. After the death of Nicholas II in 1061 he adhered to the antipope Cadalous, but submitted to the lawful pope, Alexander II, in 1067. A year later he was sent as legate to Spain. On his way thither he presided over synods at Auch, Toulouse, Gerona, and Barcelona. In Spain he was successful in enforcing celiliacy among priests and introducing the Roman in place of the Mozarabic Liturgy, but being accused of simony he was recalled to Rome. In 1072 he was sent as legate to France, where he again committed acts of simony. He succeeded, however, in exculpating himself before Alexander II and his suc- cessor Gregory VII. He had wielded great influ- ence upon the election of the latter and was sent by him as legate to France and Spain in 107.3. On this embassy he committed new acts of simony, and in consequence was deposed 1)y Gregory VII. From this time on he was a bitter antagonist of Gregory VII. He took a prominent part in the anti-Gregoriaii synods at Worms in 1076 and at Brixen in 1080 and was repeatedly excommunicated by Gregory VII. The last years of his life are veiled in obscurity.

Holtkotte, Hugo Candidus, ein Freund und Gegner Grepors VII (Miinster, 1903); Bihlmeyer in Kirckliches Handlexikon (Munich, 1907), s. v.

Michael Ott.

Hugh of St-Cher (Lat. de Sancto Caro; de Sancto Theodorico), a Dominican cardinal of the

thirteenth century; b. at St-Cher, near Vienne, in Dauphine (France), about 1200; d. at Orvieto (Italy), 19 March, 1263. He studied philosophy, theology, and jurisprudence in Paris, and next taught law in the same city. In 1225 he entered the rder of St. Dominic, and soon discharged therein the office of provincial, and next (1230) that of prior of the Domin- ican monastery in Paris. He became the confidant and adviser of several bishops, and the trusty envoy of Gregory IX to Constantinople (1233). In 1244 Innocent IV raised him to the cardinalate, and was greatly helped by him at the Council of Lyons (1245). The same pontiff entrusted him with various impor- tant affairs, approved whate\-er changes Hugh sug- gested in the altogether too strict rule which Albert, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, had wished to impose on the Carmelites, and after the death of the Emperor Frederick II, sent him as his legate to Germany. Alexander IV appointed him one of the examiners of the so-called " Evangelium iEternum". Chiefly through Hugh's exertions, the Dominicans were provided with anew Biblical " Correctorium", which is still extant in MS., and which is still known as " Correctorium Hugonis" and "Correctorium Pra?dicatorum ". His " PostilliB in universa Biljlia juxta quadruplicem sen- sura, htteralem, allegoricum, moralcm, anagogicum" has often been printed, and bears witness to his un- tiring industry as a compiler of explanations of the Sacred Te.xt. He is justly regarded as the first author of a verbal "Concordance" to Holy Writ, a work which became the model for all following publications of the kind (see Concordances of the Bible). Cardinal Hugh composed also numerous shorter works, among which may be mentioned: "Speculum Sacerdotum et Ecclesis"; ".Sermones dominicales"; "Sermones de Tempore et Sanctis" ; " Commentarius in IV. libros Sententiarum".

DupiN, Histoire des Controverses et des Malicres EccUsias- tiques traitces dans le treizieme sitcle (Paris, 1698); Quetif, Scriptores Ordinis Prwdicatorum (Paris, 1719); ToURON, His- toire des hommes illustres de VOrdre de St-Dominique (Paris, 1743); Fabricius, Bibliotheca Latina mediie et infimce ^Etatis (Florence. 1858).

Fr.^^ncis E. Gigot.

Hugh of St. Victor, medieval philosopher, theo- logian, and mystical writer; b. 1096, at the manor of Hartingham in Saxony; d. 11 March, 1141. The works of Derling and of Hugonin leave no doubt that Mabillon was mistaken in declaring his birthplace to be Ypres in Flanders. He was the eklest son of Con- rad, Count of Blankenburg. His uncle, Reinhard, who had studied in Paris under William of Cham- peaux, had on his return to Saxony been made Bishop of Halberstadt. It was in the monastery of St. Pan- eras, at Hamerleve near Halberstadt, that Hugh re- ceived his education. In spite of the opposition of his parents, he took the haliit of the Canons Regular of St. Augustine at Hamerleve; before his novitiate was completed, the disturbed state of the country led his uncle to advise him to go to the monastery of St. Victor in Paris, where he arrived about 1115. William of Champeaux, its founder, on his election to tlie See of Chalons, in 1112, had been succeeded by Gilduin, under whom it lost none of its reputation for piety and learning. Under his rule and guidance Hugh spent the rest of his life, studying, teaching, and writing. On the tragic death of Thomas (20 Aug., 1133), Hugh was chosen to succeed him as head of the School of St. Victor, and under his direction it at- tained to Ijrilliant success. He is sometimes spoken of as alter Augustiini.t, becau.se of his familiarity with the works of the great Father of the Church.

His own works cover the whole range of the arts and sacred science taught in his day. Until a few years ago, however, most historians of philosophy put him down as a narrow-minded mystic out of touch with the world of thought and study, who hampered