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following day set out again on liis tour of evangeliza- tion. It was while on a similar journey that he wrote to Blessed John of Parma, who was then at Greccio, prophesying in his letter, among other things, the death of the pope and of St. Bonaveuture, and the extinction of the Order of the Templars.

Whatever may be said of the influence of the pro- phetical writings of the Abbot Joachim of Flora upon Hugh of Digne, which as in the case of his friend Salimbene in his early days was perhaps not incon- siderable, it is certain that he took an active and prominent part in the movement of the "Spirituals". This is evidenced not only from his preaching, but more particularly from his exposition of the Rule of St. Francis and from his other ascetical writings. Among the latter may be mentioned the "Tractatus de triplici via in sapientiam perveniendi", attributed to him by Bartholomew of I'isa in his "Conformities", but not to be confounded with the " Incendium Amo- ris" of St. Bona venture, which in several codices bears a similar title. He likewise drew up a set of rules or constitutions for his sister. Blessed Douceline, and other pious women, who formed a sort of religious community known as the Dames de Rouljans, with Blessed Douceline as their superioress or mistress. A brief biographical sketch of Hugh of Digne in Span- ish, which is of indifferent critical value, was published in the " Chronica Seraphica " by Damian Carnejo, who asserts that Hugh of Digne died at Marseilles, where his remains now rest in the Franciscan church of that city beside those of his sister, Blessed Douceline.

Sbaralea, Supplementum et Caatigaiio ad Scriplores Ordinis Minor um (Rome, 190S), 281-2; Waddino, Annales Minorum, IV. 401; V, 54, 113: Analecta Franciscana (Quaracchi, 1SS5- 1906). Ill, 404-6; IV, :U7. 341, 379, 539, 540; Carnejo, Ckronica Seraphica. II (Madrid, 1684), 639-40. On Blessed Douceline, see Analerta Franciscana, III, 405-6; and Archivum Franciacanum Historicum, fasc. II and III (Quaracchi, 190s),

491-92. Stephen M. Donovan.

Hugh of Flavigny, Benedictine monk and histor- ian; b. about 10154, probably at Verdun (Lorraine); d. before the middle of the twelfth century. He be- longed to a prominent family, and received his educa- tion at the monastery of St^Vannes at Verilun, where he afterwards took the habit of a Benedictine novice. As Bishop Dietrich of Verdun was a supporter of the emperor and his antipope, Clement III, the Abbot of St-Vannes, who supported the pope, was forced to leave his monastery. He went to the Abbey of St- Benigne at Dijon, where he was followed by nearly all of his monks, including Hugh. While at Dijon the latter made his vows before the Abbot Jarento, a strong adherent of the ecclesiastical party and an enthusiastic personal friend of Pope Gregory VII. Abbot Jarento soon gave Hugh his entire confidence; Archbishop Hugh of Lyons was also most friendly to- wards the young monk and often requisitioned his services. In 1096, notwithstanding his youth, Hugh was elected Abbot of Flavigny, but soon became in- volved in disputes, not only with the Bishop of Autun, in whose diocese he was, but also with his own monks, who wished to make use of all, even dishonest, means in the pope's behalf. On account of these differences, he was obliged on two occasions to flee, and finally to abdicate, although the Council of Valence (in 1100) ordered him to be reinstated. These bitter experi- ences gradually brought about a complete change in his politico-religious views on the question of investi- tures. From a zealous, self-sacrificing champion, he became a determined adversary of the papal claims, even going so far in his opposition as to accept from Bishop Richard of Verdun, a follower of the emperor, the dignity of Abbot of Verdun, after Abbot Lauren- tius, who supported the pope, had been quite illegally dispossessed. But he only succeeded in maintaining this position from 1111 to 1114, after which he seems to have lived in strict seclusion at Verdun as a simple monk.

As early as his sojourn at Dijon, probably at the instance of Abbot Jarento and Archbishop Hugh, he had begun a chronicle of the world's history from the birth of Christ down to his own times (Chronicon Virdunense sen Flaviniacense). This we possess in two books: the first, which extends to the year 1002, is little more than a loosely planned compilation, and its importance is entirely due to the fragments of older lost works which it contains; the second covers the years from 1002 to 1112 and is valuable especially for the history of Lorraine, and also for the ecclesiasti- cal history of France. VVith wide erudition he col- lected a great mass of materials, and, where his facts became too unwieldy, he abandoned the annalistic form for full and detailed narrative. In this manner he brings out in relief the " ActaGregorii VII"; "Series Abbatum Flaviniacensium"; "Vita lieati Richardi, abbatis S. Vitori", and "Vita S. Magdalvei". His account of the election of Victor III is a masterpiece for his period. In general, however, he cannot be said to control liis materials. Making no attempt at arrangement, he quotes original documents, his own experiences, or the testimony of others, to wliose tales he often gives more credit than they deserve. A complete edition of the Chronicle is given in the "Mon. Germ. Hist.: Script.", VIII, 288-502, and in Migne's P. L., CLIV, 21-404.

Grignard, L'abbaye de Flavigny, se8 hiatoriens et ses hiatoires (Autun, 1.S.S6); Wattenbach, DeutachlandsGeachichtsquellen, II (1894), 134-136.

Patricius Schlager.

Hugh of Fleury (called also Hugo a Sancta Maria, from the name of the church of his native village), Benedictine monk and ecclesiastical writer; d. not before 1118. He is known only by his WTitings.

(1) In 1109 he compiled an ecclesiastical history in four volumes, up to the death of Charles the Great (814). In the following year he made another edition of the work in six volumes, arranging the contents in a better manner, adding notes, especially of a theolog- ical nature, and omitting a few things, bringing it up to 855. It appeared in print for the first time at MUn- ster, in 1638, edited by Bernhard Rottendorf. 'This contains also a letter to Ivo of Chartres and a preface to King Louis the Fat. It is in Migne, P. L., CLXIII.

(2) A book narrating the "acts of the Frankish kings" (842-1108). (3) A chronicle of the kings of France from Pharamond, the legendary first king, to Philip I (1108). In French this is in the Guizot collec- tion, VII, 65-86. This and the next work were for- merly ascribed to Ivo of Chartres. (4) An abbreviated chronicle of the kings of France, WTitten for King Louis VI, in the work of Rottendorf. (5) "De regia potestate et sacerdotali dignitate", addressed to King Henry II of England, during the controversy on investiture, opposing Hugh of Flavigny who upheld the ideas maintained by Pope Gregory VII. With great freedom Hugh of Fleury tries to settle the dispute and advances views later embodied in the concordats [see Sackur in " Neues Archiv " (1891), 369; Mansi, II, 184-197]. (6) Remodelling of a life, previously written by someone else, of St. Sacerdos, Bishop of Limoges. (7) Continuation of a work " De miraculis S. Benedicti Floriaci patratis". Great credit must be given Hugh of Fleury for his labour in collecting material and for systematic arrangement of the same. He has been frequently confounded with another Hugh of Fleury, who became Abbot of Canterbury and died in 1124.

HuRTER, Nomenclator; BiBLMEYER in BuCHBERGER, Kirchl. Handlex., s. v. Hugo, No. 11; MittermOller in Kirchenlex., s. V. Hugo von Fleury.

Francis Mershman.

Hugh of Lincoln, Saint, b. about the year 1135 at the castle of Avalon, near Pontcharra, in Burgundy; d. at London, 16 Nov., 1200. His father, William, Lord of Avalon, was sprung from one of the noblest of