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the tutor. While holding tliis office, he drew up the plan and directed the preparation of the famous edition of the ancient classics ad wium Delphini. He was elected to the French Academy in 1674. A httle later he decided to embrace the ecclesias- tical state and was ordained prie-st in 1674, receiving from the king the Abbey of Aunay, in Normandy. He retired to Aunay as soon as the Dauphin's edu- cation was completed (1680), and, giving himself up to his studies, wrote a number of works which are mentioned below. In 16S5 he was named to the See of Soissons, but before being preconized by the pope, he exchanged it for the 8ee of Avranches. On account of the difficulties that aro.se between France and the Holy See, after the Assembly of 1682 (see Gallicanis.m), he did not receive his Bulls from Rome until 1692. From that time, notwith- standing his zeal for study, Huet fulfilled his episcopal duties mo.st conscientiously. He made a visitation of his diocese on several occasions, in spite of the difficulties of travelling, and the memorandum of his ordinances is a witness to his zeal. Nothing was neglected; he shows his anxiety for public morality, the education of the young, the care of the churches, the welfare of the hospitals. At the same time he put his seminar}' in charge of the Eudist Fathers and reformetl his clergy, giving them three collections of synodal decrees. Further he provitled them with an edition of the Breviary, for which he himself composed the hymns. After seven years' work in this ministry, the rigorous climate and his failing health compelled him, to the great regret of his clergy, to tender his resignation. The king, in re- turn, presented him with the .^bbey of Fontenaj', near Caen; he took up his residence in the house of the professed Fathers of the Society of Jesus at Paris. Here his time was spent in exercises of piety, in interviews with the learned men of the day, and m composing his works. He died twenty years later, at the age of ninety-one, bequeathing his magnificent library to the Jesuits, and leaving the reputation of being one of the most brilliant minds of the century. He owed this reputation to the immense number of his writings, which were as varied as were his studies. His literary works show him to have in- herited and developed the spirit of the sixteenth century, rather than to have identified himself with the mind of the seventeenth century. He has the polish and, at times, the charm of the latter age, with his somewhat antiquated tendencies; he has the old literary style of Scud(5ry, Mdnage, and Chapelain, rather than the refined taste and brilliant diction of Bossuet and Fenelon, whom he was destined to survive. His historical WTitings and his works in exegesis display great learning and immense reading, but he does not exhiliit in them the critical sense of a Mabillon, the i)enctration of Richard Simon, nor the talent of Bossuet. Part of his philosophical writings are directed against Descartes, part against the worship of human reason. He reproaches Des- cartes with a want of logic in his method and with an anti-religious tendency. Bossuet, who was not an admirer of Descartes's theory, protested, never- theless, against the injustice and irrelevancy of some of the criticisms of his learned friend. But it was his posthumous work on the limitations of the human mind that drew forth serious protest. In it Huet is a pure fideist. For him, as for Pascal, reason and sense are incapable of bringing us to truth with certainty; that can be done only by faith. The Jesuits refused at first, in the " ili^moires de Tr^ voux", to believe in the authenticity of the work. In this they were mistaken; it certainly was H net's; but they were right when they declared that, by decrj'ing human reason as it did, such a work was more likely to weaken than to strengthen the foimda- tions of faith, as its author had intended.

The following is a list of Huet's wTitings: (a) Literary. — "De interpretatione libri duo" (Paris, 1661); " L'origine des romans" (Paris, 1670), trans- lated into English (London, 1672); "Carmina latina et gra>ca" (Deventer, 1668); " Lettre a Perrault sur le parallele des anciens et des modernes" (Paris, 1672); "Lettre h. M. Foucault sur l'origine de la poesie fran^aise" in the " Memoires de Tr^voux" (1711); "Lettres inedites ou publi(^es" in "Mi''- moires de I'Acadi^mie de Caen" (1900-1). (b) Historical. — " Les origines de la ville de Caen " (Rouen, 2nd ed., 1706); "Histoire du commerce et de la navigation des anciens" (Paris, 1716); " Com- mentarius de rebus ad eum pertinentibus" (Amster- dam, 1718), translated into English by John Aikin (London, 1726). (c) Exegetical or theological. — " Origenis commentaria in sacram scripturam " (Rouen, 1608); "Demonstratio evangelica" (Paris, 1679); "Qua-stiones Alnetana; de concordia rationis et fidei" (Caen, 1690); " De la situation du paradis terrestre" (Paris, 1692); "Statuts synodaux pour le diocese d'Avranches" (Caen, 169H), with supplements 1695, 1696, 1698; "De navigationibus Salomonis" (Amsterdam, 1698). (d) Philosophical. — "Censura pliilosophiiB cartesians;" (Paris, 16S9); " Nouveaux memoires pour servir fi I'histoire du cartesianisme" (Paris, 1692); "Traits philosophique de la faiblesse de I'esprit humain" (Amsterdam, 1723).

D'Olivet, Huetiana (Paris. 1722); Nickru.n, Memoires pour servir ii I'histoire des hommes illuslres, 1 (Paris, 1729): d'.Alem- BERT. Histoire de I'Acadt-mie Francaise (PanB. 1779); Bar- THOLMESS. Huet, OU le srepticisme thiolotiique (Paris, 1849); YiXiTVES, Etude sur Daniel Huet {)t\nnX\w\\i<yr, 18,57): Trochon, Huet, Evique d'Avranches in the Currespondant (1876-7): Ur- BAiN AND LEVEsgUE (ed.), Correspondance de Bossuet (Paris, 1909).

Antoine Degert.

Huffer, Hermann, historian and jurist; b. 24 March, 1830, at Munster in Westphalia: d. at Bonn, 15 March, 1905. Having finished his classical edu- cation in his native city, he went to Bonn and ap- plied him.self to the study of philology, the history of literature, and history. He was compelled to take up jurisprudence in consequence of a serious tiisease of the eye, but never lost his fondness for history. In the year 18.53 he graduated at Bresl;iu with the dissertation: " Justinianische Quasi-l'ui>ilar-Sul>stitu- tion", and, after a long educational tour in Italy and France, qualified as lecturer on canon and Pru.ssian civil law at Bonn. In 1860 he became professor extra or- dinary, and in 1873 ordinary profe.s.sor. From 1865 to 1870 he was a member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies, and from 1867 to 1870 of the North Cerman Reichstag, but did not affiliate with the Catholic "party" because the formation of a party on sec- tarian lines appeared to him a hazardous experiment. In fact in accordance with his ideal views he always sought to find a hifiher imity in religious, civil, and social life; in his opmion the important and decisive ((Uestion was not that which divides parties, nations, and creeds, but that which binds them together. In addition to numerous essays in periodicals and a few rather vmimportant juristic professional treatises, he published several works on the history of literature as well as on historical subjects — works plaimed on a large scale and elaborated down to the smallest detail. Among the former class his writings on Heine (.Vus dem Leben Heinrich Heines, 1878) and on "Annette von Droste-Hiilshoff und ihre Werke" (1887) are particularly worthy of mention. His contributions to history are confined to a period of scarcely ten years, namely, the early years of the French Republic. They reveal, however, not only a wonderful knowledge of his subject from everj' point of view, but also the mind of a profound and acute scholar, the master of diplomatic and historical research. He threw new light on many hitherto unsolved problems, and created an entirely new conception of the relations of the