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conducted in safety as far as Sicily. He visited liis king in prison at Durrenstein and returned to Eng- land in 1 193, in time to suppress Prince John's attempt on the crown. By imposing a heavy tax, he suc- ceeded in raising a ransom for the Icing.

The primatial see had been vacant since Baldwin's death in 1190. Richard ordered the bishops to pro- cure the election of Hubert Walter. The monks of Canterbury, threatened in their freedom of election, chose the king's nominee, before the bishops had had time to confer with them. Hubert was enthroned in his cathedral and received the pallium on 7 November, 1 193. By the end of the year he had been made justi- ciar. He performed the king's second coronation at Winchester in April, 1194, and when Richard left England for good the same year, Hubert became virtual ruler in his stead. Incessant demands from the king for money provoked an insurrection, which the justiciar put down with a firm hand, even violat- ing sanctuary to punish its leader, William Fitz Os- bert. In 1197 he negotiated, in Normandy, an alli- ance with Flanders, and a truce between Richard and Philip of P'rance. Returning to England, he con- vened a coimcil at Oxford in November, before which he put Richard's demand for three hundred knights for service abroad, or money sufficient to hire as many mercenaries; each of the barons and bishops was to contribute his share. St. Hugh of Lincoln and Her- bert of Salisbury refused, on the ground that their churches were not boimd to raise knights or money for foreign service. The archliishop dismissed the coim- cil in great indignation. Scarcely had Innocent III become pope when he requested Richard to allow Hu- bert to lay aside his secular offices. This the arch- bishop promptly did, and joined the king in Nor- mandy, staying with him till his death in 1199. King John immediately sent him to England to help to keep the peace till his own arrival. On 27 May he officiated at the coronation at Westminster and is said to have laid stress in his speech on the old English theory of election to the crown. Next day he set the pope's prohibition at naught, and reassumed the chancellorship, yet acting, no doubt, as he thought right, knowing himself to be the one man who could keep the king in check.

He crowned John and his queen, Isabel, at West- minster on 8 October, and was present at the Scotch king's homage at Lincoln in November. In Decem- ber he went to France on a fruitless diplomatic mis- sion, and in the spring of 1203 went on another mission, which also proved a failure, through no fault of his A quarrel between him and John about this time caused him to be deprived of office, to which he was soon, however, restored. In May, 120.5, the king brought together a great fleet and army to cross to the Continent, with hope of regaining something of the prestige and power which the loss of his Norman and Frencfi possessions had occasioned. Hul)ert Walter and William Marshal, seeing the futility of the project, prevailed upon him to abandon it. This was the archbishop's last public political act. On 10 July, while journeying from Canterbury to Boxley to restore peace between the monks of Rochester and their bishop, he was attacked with fever and a carbuncle. He died three days later at his manor of Teynhara.

Hubert was accused, even in his own day, of for- getting, in his capacity as statesman, his duties as archbishop. The accusation was no (loubt just, and the first to make it was his saintly colleague, Hugh of Lincoln. For the first five years of his episcopate he and his chapter, the monks of Christ Church, Canter- bury, were at bitter strife with one another. One of the principal causes of dispute between the two par- ties was the attempt made by Hubert to maintain at Lambeth a college of secular canons which had been founded and endowed by Archbishop Bald- win out of the enormous superfluous wealth of the

primatial see. The college had been founded as a centre of learning — a rare thing in those days — and its church was to have no privileges prejudicial to Canterbury; but the prior and convent appealed, and finally carried the day. Hubert was ordered by papal Brief to pull down his college. He was a zealous guardian of the temporalities of his see, and recovered the manors of Saltwood and of Hythe, and the castles of Rochester and Tunbridgc, lost under Henry II. The ancient privilege of coining money at Canterbury was restored to him and his successors by Richard I, and he was a great benefactor to his cathedral. In- vested with legatine powers in 119.5, he made a visita- tion of the Province of York and ordered important measures of reform. Similar measures were made for the I'rovince of Canterbury in a synod convened by him at Lontlon. His struggle with Giraldus Cam- brensis and vindication of the primacy of Canterbury over the Welsh churches is regarded by Gervase of Canterbury as his chief merit.

Gesia Henrici et Ricardi: Roger of Hoveden, Chronicle II and IV; Gervase of Canterbury, Chronicle I; Ralph de DicETO, Chronicle II; Roger of Wendover, Chronicle I; Ralph de Coggeshall. Chronicon Anglicanum; Epistola Can- tunrienscs; all in Roils Series.

Stubbs. Conslilutional Hislori/, I (Oxford, 1891): Norgate, Hubert Woller in Did. Nal. Biog., XXVIII (Lonrion, l.Sill); Adams. Pohtirnl Hislorn of Ennlnnd. 1068-1216 (London, 1905); Stephen.?, Hislorn of the English Church from the Norman Con- quest to the Accession of Edward I (London, 1904).

R. Urban Butler.

Hiibner, Alexander, Count, an Au.strian states- man, b. 26 Nov., LSll; d. 30 July, 1892. He was educated at Vienna, and began his diplomatic service .in the Chancery of State, under Prince Metternich. The whole life and work of this great statesman made an indelible impression on his mind and became the ideal of his life. His great talents soon attracted the notice of the keen-eyed Chancellor of State, who sent him on an extraordinary mission to Paris, and rapidly promoted him to the position of attache of legation in that city (1S37), then named him secretary of legation at Lisbon (1841) and finally consul general for Saxony at Leipzig. We may learn from the following lines addressed to him by the prince after the death of Princess Melanie (1854), in what favour he stood in Metternich's household: "You, my dear Hubner, have personally lost in the deceased princess, who was endowed with the noblest gifts of mind and heart, a friend — I might almost say a second mother." When subsequently Metternich's son published his father's life from document (in 8 volumes), it was Hiiljner who contributed the account of his last days and death.

In the year 1848, a critical period for Austria, we find Hiibner always occupying the most dangerous posts. In February he was sent by Metternich to Milan, where he was arrested at the outbreak of the revolution and remained a prisoner for three months. In October, by order of Prince Felix Schwarzen- berg, he followed the imperial family to Olmutz, where he was secretary to the prime minister. lie prepared the manifestos on occasion of the accession of Em- peror Francis Joseph to the Crown. His journal 'Ein Jahr meines Lebens" (18 Feb., 1848 to 19 March, 1849) is the best authority on the most mo- mentous happenings of that period. In March, 1849, Hiibner was sent to Paris to negotiate with Prince Louis Napoleon, President of the Republic, about Italian affairs. In 18.51 he became ambassador at Paris, and remained so until 3 May, 18.59. In the two volumes of his journal dealing with this period we find accounts of Napoleon's cou]> d'etat, the rise of the Second French Empire, the ('rimean War, the predominance of France in Europe, which in conse- quence of the Anglo-French Alliance was felt even in China and Japan, an<l finally the unification of Italy. In 1854 he became baron and in 18,57 ambassador to the court of Napoleon. His mission from 184S to