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 HUANUCO

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HUBER

Ada Ponlificia, IV (Rome, 1906), 15 sqq.; special informa- tion has also been obtained from the episcopal curia.

Gregor Reinhold.

Huanuco, Diocese of (Huanucensis), suffragan of Lima in Peru. The department of Huilnuco con- tains an area of 14,027 sq. miles, and a population of 14,5, ,309 (1896). The capital of the same name (also called San Le6n de Huanuco), situated on the left bank of the upper course of the Huallaga, a tributary entering the Amazon on its right, is 594.5 feet above sea-level and has a population of about 7500. Hud- nuco is one of the oldest Spanish colonies of Peru, having been founded as early as 15.39 (four years after the foundation of Lima) by G6mez de Alvarado at the instance of Francisco Pizarro. Soon after the erection of the first houses, however, they were levelled to the ground during an insurrection of the Indians. After the assassination of Pizarro (1541), Pedro de Puelles was empowered by the governor, Cristobal Vaca de Castro, to lead a new colony into the Huallaga valley. In the course of time the city attained a high degree of prosperity, counting at one time, it is said, as many as 70,000 inhabitants. The city owed its rapid rise chiefly to the rich silver mines of the neighbouring Cerro de Pasco; the wars of the nineteenth century, however, WTOUght such ravages that at present it is nothing but a wretched town of scattered houses, reljdng for its support cliiefly on the cultivation of fruits, coffee, and sugar-cane. The city contains besides the cathedral on the Plaza, four- teen churches, including those formerly in charge of the Mercedarians, Dominicans (Santo Domingo, not completed), and Franciscans (San Francisco with a gilded altar).

The Diocese of Hudnuco was created by Pius IX on 17 March, 1S65. He decreed that the (former) department of Junfn, consisting of the provinces of Hudnuco, Huamalies, Pasco, Tauia, and Tarma, be separated from the .Archdiocese of Lima and estab- lished as a new diocese, with the seat at Huanuco. The Government undertook to provide for the epis- copal mensal re\'enue, and to erect a diocesan semi- nary and an episcopal palace. With regard to the chapter to be formed, the Bull stipulated that, owing to the dearth of priests, it should consist of only one dignitary and si.x canons. Mgr Sebastiano Goyen- iche Darreda, Archbishop of Lima, was named execu- tor of the Bull, which received government ratifica- tion on 5 July, 1865, the erection of the bishopric being authorized on 20 November, 1868. The first bishop, Manuel Teodoro del Valle, presented for nomination on 5 June, 1866, was preferred to the Arch- diocese of Lima, 29 August, 1872, and on 19 November of the same year named titular Archbishop of Berytus, in which capacity he was vested with the adminis- tration of his former Diocese of Huanuco (11 January, 1873). He was succeeded by Alfonso Maria de la Cruz Sardinas, O. F. M., who was appointed on 31 October, 1889, preconized 12 .\ugust, 1890, and died in June, 1902. The third and present (1909) bishop is Mgr Pedro Pablo Drinot y Pi(''rola of the Congre- gation of the Sacred Heart (Picpus Society), born at Callao, 26 Novemljer, 1859, presented by the Govern- ment for nomination, 27 Feljruary, 1904, preconized 19 .\ugust, and consecrated at Lima on 24 August of the same year.

Statistics. — According to its present delimitation, the Diocese of Hudnuco embraces the two depart- ments of Hudnuco and Junfn, comprising about 37,380 (according to other authorities 41,586) square miles and 539,702 inkabitants, of whom 288,100 are Catholics and the rest for the most part uncivilized Indians. It contains 45 parishes, 210 churches and chapels, and 75 priests. West of the present city of Huanuco is Hudnuco Viejo (Old Hudnuco), an ancient Inca settlement with the ruins of old Peru- vian monuments. These include a temple con-

structed out of massive square blocks of stone, called El Castillo, a royal palace, and extensive ruins of dwellings, with which are connected a series of singu- lar towers along the slope of the hill, used by the early inhaljitants as store or provision-houses. Farther inland on the River Pozuzo, but within the limits of the department of Hudnuco, is the German colony of Pozuzo, established in 1859 by Freiherr von Schiitz- Holzhausen; it has about 600 Catholics from the Rhineland and the Tyrol, with their own German pastor.

Acta Pii IX. Ill (Rome, s. d.), 463-76; Middendorf, Peru, III (Berlin, 1895), 113-33; von Schutz-Holzhausen. Der Amazonas (2nd ed., Freiburg im Br., 1895), 223 sqq.; 270 sqq.; 410 sqq.; Battandier. Ann. Pont. cath. (Paris. 1909), 229. There is an extensive bibliography on the colony of Pozuzo in Schutz-Holzhausen, op. cit., 427 sqq.

Gregor Reinhold.

Huaraz, Diocese of (Huaraziensis), suffragan of Lima. It comprises the entire department of An- cachs in the Republic of Peru. Originally, Huaraz formed part of the Archdiocese of Lima, but on 15 May, 1899, it was erected into a separate diocese by the Bull "Catholicae Ecclesise gubernio" of Leo XIII. Mgr Francisco de Sales Soto was made its first bishop (February, 1901), and upon his death (April, 1903) Mgr Mariano Holguin succeeded to the episcopal chair (October, 1904). In July, 1906, Bi.shop Holguin was transferred to Arequipa, and the present incum- bent, Mgr Pedro Pascual Farfdn, was in.st ailed in 1907.

The Diocese of Huaraz is divided into 51 parishes, with the episcopal see located in the city of Huaraz, which is the capital of the department of .\ncachs. The chapter consists of one dean, one canon theologian, one canon penitentiary, and one honorary canon. .\ncachs is in the northern part of Peru and extends from the .\ndes to the coast. The chief occupations are agriculture and cattle raising, although silver- mining is carried on, intermittently, in the mountains. It is 17,405 square miles in area and contains a popu- lation estimated at 428,000, almost entirely Catholic. The Catholic religion is the state religion, although other forms of worship are not interfered with, and education is compulsory for both sexes.

The city of Huaraz contains a high scliool, college, and seminary, as well as a hospital which is adminis- tered by the Franciscan Fathers. One of the most interesting landmarks in Huaraz is the cemetery wall, which is inlaid with a collection of sculptured stones, known to liave been the handiwork of the ancient Peruvians.

Herder. Konveraationa-Lex., a. v.; Statesman's Year-Book (1908); Battandier, Ann. pont. cath. (1908); Ann. eccl. (Rome, 1909).

Stanley J. Quinn.

Huber, .\lphons, historian; b. 14 October, 1834, at Fugen, Zillerthal (Tyrol); d. 23 November, 1898, at Vienna. After finishing the humanities at the colleges of Hall and Innsbruck, he studied history under Ficker at the University of \'ienna. While still very young he had become deeply intcrestetl in that brancii of learning through the perusal of .\nnegarn's " Weltgeschichte". In 18.59 he was appointed lec- turer on history at Innsbruck, became professor in 1863, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences in 1867, full member in 1872, and in 1887 professor at the University of Vienna, succeeding Ottokar Lorenz. Under Ficker he had learned criti- cal accuracy, purity of style, and the importance of strictly impartial investigation. He had also ac- quired a comprehensive knowledge of diplomatics. His training was shown not only in his writing, but in his life. He was a man of sobriety; an enemy of claptrap; in politics a liberal, but cleeply religious. His earliest WTitings, "Ueber die Entstehung.szeit der osterreichischen Freiheitsbriefe" (Vienna, 1860) and "Die Waldstadte Uri, Sch-n-yz und Unterwalden bis