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HOWARD

college for English youths attached to it, and was himself the first prior and novice master. He also founded at Vilvorde a convent of nuns of the Second Order of St. Dominic, now at Carisbrooke.

In the reign of Charles II Father Howard was made grand almoner to Queen Catherine of Braganza. He resided at St. James's Palace, with a salary of £500 a year, and had a position of influence at Court. An outbreak of Puritan violence compelling him to leave England, he resumed his position as prior at Bornhem. He was made cardinal in 1675, by Pope Clement X, being assigned the title of S. Cecilia trans Tiberim, ex- changed later for the Dominican church of S. Maria supra Minervam. He now took up his residence at Rome and entered into the service of the Universal Church, especially watching over the interests of the Catholic faith in England. In 1G72 he was nomin- ated by the Holy See as Vicar Apostolic of England with a see in partibus, but the appointment, owing to the opposition of the " English Chapter" to his being a vicar Apostolic, and the insistence that he should be a liishop with ordinary jurisdiction, was not confirmed. He was to have been Bishop of Helenopolis. In 1679 he was made Protector of England and Scotland. At his instance the Feast of St. Edward the Confessor w:is extended to the whole Church. He rebuilt the English College in Rome, and revised the rules of Douai College.

Cardinal Howard co-operated later with James II in the increase of vicars Apostolic in England from one to four, an arrangement which lasted till 1840, when the number was increased to eight by Gregory XV'I. Burnet shows in his " History" that Cardinal Howard regretted the steps which led to the crisis in the reign of James II and which his counsels sought to avert. The cardinal's plans were thwarted, and the ill-starred mission of the Earl of Castlemaine to Rome showed the rise of another spirit which he did not share. \\hen the crisis he foresaw came, he had the consola- tion at least of knowing that his foundation at Born- hem was beyond the grasp of the new persecutors. Cardinal Howard assisted at three conclaves, for the election of Innocent XI in 1676, Alexander VIII in 1689, and Innocent XII in 1691. He died in the twentieth year of his cardinalate, at the age of 64, and was buried in his titular church of S. Maria supra Min- ervam at Rome.

His foundations in Flanders flourished till the French Revolution, when they were despoiled to a great extent, and were eventually transferred to Eng- land. The English Dominican Province looks to him as its father and restorer, and the American Province also regards him to a great extent in the same light. After his death the Master General, Father Antoninus Cloche, addressed a letter to the whole order, lament- ing the loss of one who had done so great a work for the English Church and the order.

TouRON, Hommes illustres de I'ordre de Saint-Dominirine (Paris, 174S), V, 698-714; Palmer, Life of Philip Thnnias Howard. O.P. (London, 1867); Brady, Annals of the Catholic Hierarchy, 1585-1876 (Rome, 1877, London, 1883); Lescheh, Life of Cardinal Howard (London, 1905).

Wilfrid Lescher.

Howard, Philip, Venerable, martyr. Earl of Arundel; b. at Arundel House, London, 28 June, 1557; d. in the Tower of London, 19 October, 1.595. He was the grandson of Henry, Earl of Surrey, the poet, executed by Henry VIII in 1.547, and son of Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, executed by Elizabeth, 1572. Philip II of Spain, then King of England, was one of his godfathers. His father, who had con- formed to the State religion, educated him partly under John Foxe, the Protestant martyrologist, and he was afterwards sent to Cambridge. His father, having married as his third wife Elizabeth, widow of Lord Dacre of Gillesland, matched her three daughters, who were heiresses, to his three sons. Anne, Philip's wife, Countess of Arundel and Surrey, who survived to

1630, was a woman of remarkable generosity and courage, and became after her conversion the patroness of Father Southwell and of many priests, and eventu- ally founded the novitiate of the Jesuits at Ghent. Philip succeeded, 24 February, 1580, jure matris, to the Earldom of Arundel, and this may be considered the highest point of his worldly fortunes. He frequented the Court, entertained the queen, and was restored in blood, 1581, though not to his father's dukedom. To- wards the close of the year he was present at the disputations of Blessed Edmiuid Campion in the Tower, and this proved the first step in his conversion, though, like most of Elizabeth's courtiers, his life was then the reverse of virtuous, and for a time he de- serted his wife. But the Howards had many enemies, and Elizabeth was of their number. As the Catholic revival gained strength, the earl found himself sus- pected antl out of favour, and his difficulties were in- creased by his wife's conversion. He was now recon- ciled, indeed devoted, to her, and 30 September, 1584, was received into the Church liy Father William Weston, S.J., and became a fervent Catholic. The change of life was soon noticed at Court; on which Philip, seeing the queen more and more averse and dangers thickening, resolved to fly, which he did (14 April, 1585), after composing a long and excellent letter of explanation to Elizabeth. But he was captured at sea, probably through treachery, and confined in the Tower of London (25 April) where he remained till death. He was at first sentenced to a fine of £10,000, and imprisonment at the queen's plea-sure. Latcron (14 March-14 April, 1589), during the bloodthirsty mood which caused the death of so many English martyrs after the Armada, he was tried for having favoured the excommimication of the queen, and for having prayed for the invaders. As usual at that time, the trial was a tirade against the prisoner, who was of course condemned. One exam- ple of the hypocrisy of the prosecution may be men- tioned. While they professed to quote the very words of the Bull of excommunication, "published 1 April", no such Bull was published at all. If the Armada had been successful, a Bull would of course have been issued, and Elizabeth's spies had in fact got hold of an explanation written by Allen in prep- aration for that event (printed in Dodd-Tierney, iii, Ap. 44). From a letter of Attorney-General Popham (R. O., State Papers, Dom. Eliz., ccxxiii, 77) we see that he was aware of the fraudulent character of the evidence. Philip was left to die in prison. His last prayer to see his wife and only son, who had been born after his imprisonment, was refused except on con- dition of his coming to the Protestant Church, on which terms he might also go free. With this elo- quent testimony to the goodness of his cause he ex- pired, at the early age of thirty-eight, and was buried in the same grave in the Tower Church that had re- ceived his father and grandfather. In 1624 his bones were translated by his widow to Long Horsley, and thence to Arundel, where they still rest. A portrait by Zucchero is in the possession of the Duke of Nor- folk. His "Epistle of Christ to the Faithful Soul", translated from Lanspergius (Johann Justus of Lans- berg), was printed at .Antwerp, 1595; St-Omer, 1610; London, 1867; his "Fourfold Meditations of Four Last Things" (once attributed to Southwell), London, 1895; his "Verses on the Passion", by the Cath. Record Soc, VI, 29.

Live^ of Philip Howard, Earl of .Arundel, and of Anne Dacres his wife, edited by Henry G. F. Howard, Duke of Norfolk (London. 1857); G. E. C(okayne), Peerage of England. KLon- don, 1SS7), 153; Reports of Deputy Keeper of Public Records, IV (London. 1843), 279-281: Pollen in Dublin Review (Sept., 1903). p. 350; Idem in The Month (,Jnne, IMS), pr>. 637-9; (Sept. 1909); Thurston in The Month (Oct., 1894); Lee, Life of Yen. P. Howard (Catholic Truth Society, London, 1887); Creigh- ToN in Diet. Nat. Biog., s. v.; Tierney. Castle and .Antiquities of Arundel (London. 1834); Historical MSS. Commission, various collections (1903), ii, 236-241. J H PoLLEN