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HOWARD

monastic rules had not waited for these rules to promote the worthy celebration of the hours; it is known what importance St. Benedict attached to wliat he called the Divine work par excellence: "Niliil operi Dei praponatur", we read in ch. xliii. This sketch of the obligation of priests and clerics to take part in the celebration of the Divine Office may be concluded by citing the decree promulgated by Em- peror Justinian I in 528; "Sancimus ut omnes clerici per singulas ecclesias constituti per seipsos nocturnas et matutinas et vespertinas preces canant" (Kriegel and Hermann, "Corpus juris civilis", Leipzig, II, 39). As to the private recitation of the Divine Office, Tho- massin (" Vetus et nova ecclesiae disciplina ", part I, II, Ixxiii sqq.) gives the proofs which establish its obliga- tory character as early as the fifth century for priests and clerics; Grancolas in " Commentarius historicus in Breviarum romanum" relies on the testimony of St. Jerome. For what concerns monks, we have a more certain testimony in the Rule of St. Benedict. Ch. 1. prescribes that those who work outdoors or who are travelling should accomplish God's work at the hour appointed, and in whatever place they are, to the best of their ability. Therefore, they were merely dis- pensed from the lessons, but recited by heart the psalms, hymns, and shorter prayers. Dom Ruinart (Preface to works of Gregory of Tours, P. L., LXXI, 36-40) assures us that in the works of Gregory of Tours proofs are to be found attesting the fidelity of ecclesi- astics of every degree to the recitation of the hours in private when they could not assist at public Office. These persons did not consider themselves free to omit this recitation. For litcraturu, see Breviary.

F. M. Cabrol.

Hours, Little. See Breviary.

Hove, Peter van, Friar Minor, lector in theology and exegete; b. at Rethy, inCarapine (Belgium); d. at Antwerp, in 1793. He was a pupil of William Smits, O.F.M., founder and first prefect of the "Musajum Philologico-Sacrum ", a Franciscan Biblical institute at Antwerp, which had for its scope the training of Franciscan students in the languages appertaining to Bibhcal study, in Biblical history, geography, chro- nology, and other subsidiary branches, such as are requisite for a critical and literal interpretation of the Sacred Text. Upon his master's death, in 1770, Van Hove was entrusted with the direction of this flour- ishing school, which, unfortunately, in the prime of its activity, fell a prey to the fury of the French Revo- lution. Prior to his appointment as prefect. Van Hove had published several noteworthy historical and archffological theses, the first of which, "Imago

Eolemico-sacra primi sa-culi religionis Christi seu dei, doctrinae et morum disciplince Ecclesiae Apos- tolicifi" (Brussels, 17G.')), is based chiefly upon the writings of St. Paul. Then followed: "Sacra Icono- graphia a pictorum erroribus vindicata " (Antwerp, 1768) ; "Chanaan seu Regnum Israelis Theocraticum, in XII Tribus Divisum" (.\ntwerp, 1770); and "Messias seu Pascha nostrum immolatus Christus" (Antwerp, 1771). The author devotes much space to exegetical and critical digressions which have a special value. In the last of these works he gives us an excellent chronology of the Gospels. SLxteen folio volumes of Smits's Flemish translation of the Vulgate and his famous commentary had already been edited when, on the death of the indefatigalile author, the immense task devolved upon his pupil. Van Hove first completed and edited "Liber Numeri Vulgatse Editionis", I (Antwerp, 1772), II (.\ntwerp, 1775), twelve chapters of which had been prepared by Smits. Following the plan adopted by his predecessor. Van Hove added, of his own, "Prolegomena ac Tentamen Philologico-Sacrum de tempore celebrandi Paschatis Veteris Testament!", etc. To him we are also indebted

for the "Liber Deuteronomii " (.\ntwerp, 1777-80), in 2 vols., of the same series. This work brought to a close the publication of this valuable translation and commentary, which, however, comprises only the Psalms, the Sapiential Books, and the Pentateuch. Lastly, Van Hove took up his pen in defence of the Faith. He wrote the "Apologismus Polemicus ad Deut. XVII. " (.\ntwerp, 17S2), which is a compila- tion of arguments, such as had been put forward by Bergier and other French apologists of the eighteenth century, in favour of the truth of revealed religion and the infallibility of the Church.

Dirks, Jiistoire lilterairp et bibliographique des Frt-res Mineura (Antwerp, 1SS5), 3S6 sqq.: 397 sqq.: Schoutens, Geschiedenxa van hel voormalig Minderbroederklooster van Antwerpen (Ant- werp. 1908), 169-99.

THOMA.S PlaSSMANN.

Howard, Mary, of the Holy Cross, Poor Clare, b. 28 Dec, 1(553; d. at Rouen, 21 March, 1735, daughter of Sir Roljert Howard, younger son of Thomas, Earl of Berkshire, in whose home Mary's early youth was spent. At the age of eighteen, to escape the admiration of Charles II, she went to Paris, under the assumed name of Talbot, and was placed in the Benedictine convent of Val de Grace to learn French; here she was received into the Church, a step which brought her into disfavour with Lady Osborne, her guardian in Paris. Remaining stanch in the face of persecution, she was finally permitted to retire to the convent of the Canonesses of St. Augustine at Chaillot, near Paris, where she remained several years, until her admission into the English convent of Poor Clares at Rouen, under the name of Parnel, to safeguard fiu-ther the secret of her identity. Here she was made successively mistress of the choir, second and first portress, the latter a position involving the management of the temporal affairs of the convent, and in 1702, on the resignation of Mother Winefrid Clare Giffard, abbess since 1670, she became abbess of the community, which she governed with rare zeal and prudence till her death. Her profound piety and salutary instructions were never tainted by the errors of the fal.se mysticism so widespread at the time. Her "Chief Pomts of our Holy Ceremonies " was published in 1726. Her other works, all in MS., are chiefly books of spiritual exer- cises, litanies, and other devotions.

Butler, Life and Virluen of the Venerable and Religioua Mother, Mary of the Holy Cross (London, 1767); Gillow, Bibl. Did. Eng. Cath.

F. M. RUDGB.

Howard, Philip Thomas, Dominican and cardi- nal, commonly called the "Cardinal of Norfolk"; b. at Arundel IIou.se, London, 21 September, 1629; d. at Rome, 17 June, 1694. He was the third son of Henry Frederick Howard, afterwards Earl of Arundel and Surrey and head of the House of Norfolk (the dukedom of Norfolk being forfeited, though restored in 1G60). The mother of Philip was Elizaljeth, daughter of the Duke of Lennox; he was thus allied to the reigning sovereign of England. At the age of sixteen he joined the Dominican Order in Italy, was professed at Rome, 1646, and took the name of Thomas in religion. Residing at Naples for his studies, he was chosen to deliver a Latin address to the general chapter of his order in Rome. He justified the choice by delivermg a fervent address on the con- version of England, which led to a decree being passed by the chapter, urging provincials and priors to do all they could to receive English, Irish, and Scotch nov- ices into the order, with a view to its preservation in those countries. He was thenceforth wholly devoted to the conversion of England and to the progress of his order in that country. He was ordained priest in 16.52, and with the sanction of his superiors set him- self to carry out the ideas he had matured in his mind. He founded the priory of Bomhem in Flanders, with a